General Knowledge of Chinese Ceramics Calcination Technology

Xinxiang custom ceramic mug manufacturer, Ceramic mugs are all made by calcining in a kiln. So how are coffee mugs fired? What effect does the firing process have on ceramic mugs?

Ceramic mugs can actually be divided into three kinds in the firing process. One is a single firing. That is, from the blank clay to our commonly used ceramic coffee mugs, only through the kiln calcination once and molded. The second type is secondary firing. As the name suggests, ceramic mug blanks need to enter the kiln twice for calcination. into the kiln for calcination. The first time is unglazed firing, usually become "plain firing", the purpose is to increase the mechanical strength of the body, not easy to damage. Often larger or thinner bone china cups are often fired twice. After the first firing, the glaze is applied (for information on glazes, please refer to our factory's website). information, please refer to our factory's previous information), and then the second firing. Depending on the type of cup, the material and the glaze, the temperatures of the two firings are different. The third type is the triple firing, which requires three trips into the kiln. Often more complex ceramic pieces only need. The first time is plain firing, the second time is glaze firing, the third time is appliqued or hand-painted and then fired. Then in the firing process, the kiln temperature, oxygen content, heating time and cooling time, what is the impact on the ceramic coffee mug? The following details Introduction:

1. What is the oxidizing flame, reducing flame and neutral flame?

Flame in the kiln at different times have different properties. The nature of the flame can be roughly divided into three categories: oxidizing flame, reducing flame and neutral flame, different properties of the flame has different roles.

1). Oxidizing flame

Refers to the complete combustion of fuel when the flame, the flame must have a large amount of oxygen supply for complete combustion, when the kiln has sufficient oxygen, less CO. In order to make the billet in the moisture and all organic matter are evaporated and volatilized discharge, so that the billet to get the normal contraction, so in the kiln firing There must be an oxidizing flame stage in the process.

2). Reduction flame

Reduction flame is an incomplete combustion flame. At this time the kiln produces a lot of CO and hydrogen, no or very little free oxygen exists. Because the reducing flame can make the embryo body of high-value iron (Fe2O3) to be fully reduced to ferrous oxide (FeO), and become green, to eliminate porcelain Color yellowing phenomenon, so in the kiln firing process of daily-use porcelain, more reduction flame firing.

3). Neutral flame

Burning neutral flame produced in the kiln of carbon monoxide and hydrogen and into the kiln of air compounds almost equal, in a state of equilibrium. Its role is to make Yang ferrous no longer subject to oxidation, and finally make the body to achieve the purpose of complete glass. But control the neutral flame is very difficult However, it is very difficult to control the neutral flame, and it is often used to replace it with a weak reducing flame.

2. How to observe the flame color to determine the temperature and nature?

Ten years ago, Xinxiang ceramic factory is no testing equipment, engineers can rely on the naked eye to observe the flame color to determine the temperature and nature of the flame. This is because the color and concentration of light radiated by hot objects vary with the temperature. What we often see is the initial red flame with a temperature of about 600°C, dark red 700°C, cherry red 800°C, bright cherry red 1000°C, yellowish-white 1300°C, white 1400°C, and so on. This relies on experience to determine the temperature, can make up for each other with the detection equipment, has its irreplaceable.

The nature of the flame, in general, burning billet ceramics, 900 ℃ before the oxidizing flame, in order to prevent soot accumulation in the billet. 1000 ℃ or so is the reducing flame, so that the high value of iron into low value of iron, 1140 ℃ after the use of neutral flame. Five years ago, the plant installed testing equipment, for the The temperature control, oxygen, carbon monoxide detection is more accurate.

3. What is flat-burning insulation?

Flat firing insulation is to maintain a constant temperature for a certain period of time. The purpose is to keep the temperature up and down in the kiln at the same time, with no temperature difference.

1). Flat firing and holding during the dewatering period allows the water in the blank to evaporate safely, the quartz crystals to be transformed safely, and prevents the blank from cracking.

2). The purpose of the flat-firing heat preservation before glaze melting is to make the organic matter contained in the blank fully reacted under high temperature, and the waste gas produced is fully volatilized and cleaned up to avoid blistering of the cup.

3). In the glass stage of flat-firing insulation, so that the billet within the iron trioxide and silicate compounds to generate new substances - mullite, and feldspar and quartz synthesized feldspar glass.

4. What physical and chemical changes occur in the billet during kiln firing?

1). The physical changes that occur in the kiln firing process of the billet:

(1). Weight reduction: the result of evaporation of water, water of crystallization and organic matter in the raw material.

(2). Loss of plasticity.

(3). Change in color.

(4). Changes in voids, the evaporation of water and organic matter is accompanied by a gradual increase in the void ratio within the billet, to the point where glassing begins, the voids are again filled with solution, the particle cups are surrounded by liquid, and the voids are again gradually reduced, until the billet is sintered.

(5). Volume contraction: the volume of the billet is slightly swollen when the void increases, and gradually shrinks when the void decreases.

(6). Mechanical strength changes, the crystal lattice is destroyed, when the water of crystallization is evaporated, the crystals split, the mechanical strength of the billet decreases, to recrystallization, the mechanical strength becomes greater.

2). Chemical changes in the billet: changes such as oxidation and reduction, reduction occurs mostly before 250-900℃, decomposition occurs mostly before 500-1300℃.

(1). Decomposition of carbonate.

(2). Oxidation of carbon, sulfide and organic matter.

(3). The oxidative decomposition of carbonaceous and organic matter present in the billet begins above 600°C and continues to high temperatures, the gas produced at this stage must be completely discharged, otherwise it will cause blistering of the billet. C+O2=C02

(4). Strong reduction stage

This stage of the body of the blank of iron oxide and sulfate in the glaze layer before the closure of the body of the full reduction and decomposition.

(5). Ferrous oxide and silica to produce a glassy substance, promoting the sintering of the body.

5. firing kiln should pay attention to what problems?

1). Too rapid a change of temperature in the kiln will cause the ceramic mug to crack easily.

2). Insufficient oxidizing time and too fast kiln firing will lead to blistering of ceramic cups easily.

3). When the fire of the kiln is not even, it will easily lead to deformation of the body.

4). Uneven temperature in the kiln combined with over-firing will cause the ceramic mug to swell easily.

5). When the firing method and the nature of the flame are not suitable, the surface of the ceramic is easy to change color and produce stains.

6). When the cold kiln is too slow, the ceramic coffee mugs tend to be rough in section.

7). Burning reduction flame should not be too heavy, too long, otherwise the ceramic cup is easy to have soot stains.

6. The technical characteristics of rapid firing kiln

General tunnel kiln cross-section is large, ceramic products are densely stacked, the temperature difference between the various parts of the product is large, so it can not quickly and evenly heat and cool the ceramic products, resulting in a long firing cycle of more than ten hours.

Rapid firing of the kiln performance of the basic requirements are: the ability to uniformly heat and cool products, and can flexibly adjust the temperature and gas. In order to meet this basic requirement, rapid firing kilns have the following characteristics in terms of structure and materials:

1). Small cross-section

In order to achieve uniformity of temperature in the cross-section of the kiln, the cross-section tends to reduce the height and become flat. 1250-1300 ℃ fired ceramic mugs, the firing cycle requires only 60-90 minutes.

2). Low sulfur content

Rapid firing is best used in open flame direct heating, the fuel used requires no will, low sulfur content, such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, light oil, etc.. The sulfur content of the fuel for open flame firing should be 0.2%.

3). High-speed nozzle

High-speed nozzle has three advantages, fast combustion speed, strong space heat, and uniform temperature distribution. High-speed nozzle is an important technology to reduce the temperature difference in the kiln and realize rapid firing.

4). High quality kiln construction materials

In order to make the kiln temperature can be adjusted flexibly according to the requirements of the temperature curve. The kiln construction materials should be lightweight heat-resistant materials and lightweight insulation materials with low thermal conductivity, small thermal fusion, and certain strength.

5). Reduction of kiln furniture

In rapid firing, the kiln should be minimized or not used. A single layer is used to place the product. Elimination of kiln furniture improves heat transfer efficiency and flexibility of the kiln.

6). Advanced Conveying Methods

The general tunnel kiln uses bulky kiln cars to convey the billet, the kiln car heat storage is large, easy to cause the ceramic mug manufacturers heating and cooling lag, not suitable for rapid firing. Conveying methods for rapid firing include walking beam, pushing plate, roller conveyor, etc.

Characteristics of bone china mugs, identification, maintenance and the difference with porcelain

Xinxiang custom ceramic mug manufacturer, Bone china, the basic process is to animal bone charcoal, clay, feldspar and quartz as the basic raw materials, after high-temperature firing and low-temperature glaze fired twice made of a kind of porcelain. The two basic features of bone china are the essential basis for distinguishing bone china from other porcelains. Characteristic one: bone charcoal content of 36% or more (national standard); Characteristic two: after the second firing and become (plain firing, glaze firing). According to the bone china standard set by the United Kingdom, contains thirty percent from animal bones in the tricalcium phosphate, and the finished product has a light transmittance, to be called bone china. In the United States, the standard is at least 25%.

1. History of bone china

Bone china was first produced in England, invented around 1800. Bone china invention course is quite comical, began to Thomas Frye (Thomas Frye) in the manufacturing process accidentally mixed with animal bone powder, after Josiah Spode (Josiah Spode) continue to study and get, the earliest its basic formula is six parts of bone powder and four parts of the stone, but gradually developed into fifty parts of the bone powder and twenty-five parts of the stone and twenty-five parts of the clay, until today in the England has been recognized as the standard recipe. Over the past two hundred years, bone china through generations of master craftsmen's hands, gradually developed into the world's ceramic treasures.

The production of bone china began in England, but who actually made the first bone china is still not conclusive, the academic community generally believe that the first successful production of bone china in England is Josiah Spode (Josiah Spode) (1755-1827). Josiah Spode Josiah Spode made bone china by combining calcined Josiah Spode mixed calcined bone directly with china clay and mineral fluxes to become the traditional raw material for hard porcelain, which he successfully tested in the early 19th century. He then began a systematic study of formulas for the production of bone china, and by the end of 1821, the ratio of bone ash to china stone was "standardized", when feldspar was thought to be the most important raw material. At that time, it was believed that feldspar as a flux containing bone ash 46% of the blanks produced porcelain is the best product. After a long period of exploration, in 1756, an Englishman in the firing of porcelain in the kaolin add the use of animal bones ground into bone meal, surprisingly burned like fat like jade porcelain. Jade porcelain. Because of the bone powder this ingredient can increase the hardness and translucency of porcelain, and the strength is higher than the general porcelain, so it can be done than the general porcelain is thinner, more translucent, more white. This gave birth to a new type of bone china.

The emergence of bone china to make the British ceramic grade has taken a qualitative leap to meet the British consumers hope that not only high strength and elegant and beautiful porcelain requirements, so bone china was produced by a great deal of attention, bone china production process formula was imitated by industry insiders The recipe for the production process of bone china was copied by the industry and spread. The Longton region of England became the first production site for bone china. A number of workshops sprang up to try their hand at producing bone china.

John Doulton was one of the most famous representatives of bone china production. About 190 years ago, he set up his own workshop, which produced only rough earthenware. After his death, his son Henry followed in his father's footsteps and showed great skill in product reform and In 1877, because of his outstanding skills in the porcelain industry and the production of quality products, known as the "great potter" Henry was the King of England, "Sir" title, in recognition of his merits in the British porcelain industry. In 1901 In 1901, he was awarded by King Edward VII, was awarded the "Royal" trademark, become the world's consensus on the quality of bone china brand. 1966, rich in innovative spirit of Henry, once again won the "Queen's innovative industrial technology" award. So that it embarked on a porcelain career ROYAL DOULTON has gradually become the largest British bone china export manufacturer.

2. Characteristics of bone china

Bone china material is exquisite, fine production, strict standards, its regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other indicators are extremely high requirements. Due to the complexity of high-grade bone china process, production is more difficult than ordinary daily-use porcelain, its production technology is difficult to popularize.

Bone china because of its unique shape, simple and bright, white and delicate texture, for a long time has been the aristocracy of countries with porcelain.

Bone china produced in the United Kingdom a high-grade porcelain, has a history of more than 260 years. Because of its "thin as paper, translucent as a mirror, sound as a chime, white as jade", the porcelain is delicate and transparent, beautiful and elegant, color surface glossy, colorful flower surface characteristics, achievements of its white texture and noble shape, both the use of the dual-value and art, the history of the palace specialties and the collection of treasures of the aristocracy. Bone china after generations of master craftsmen's hands, gradually become the world's ceramic treasures.

Bone china is the British royal special porcelain is also the Zhongnanhai designated porcelain mug, it is recognized as the world's high-grade porcelain. Bone china tableware not only has a beautiful appearance, but also has the quality of maintaining people's health. Bone china is in the traditional ceramic raw materials added to the animal bone powder after firing and become, tire thin and bright, with greater toughness. Bone china is a green ceramic spokesman, glazed bone china is fused to the picture in a high-temperature transparent glaze, and the picture is not easy to wear and tear, do not fall off, can be deservedly called "health ceramics".

Bone china material is exquisite, fine production, strict standards, its regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other physical and chemical indicators are extremely high requirements. Bone china various Chinese and Western tableware with its high quality, high style, high grade to become a major star hotel upgrade must choose porcelain. Bone china tea set, coffee set family set has become the ideal appliances for all sizes of companies and wealthy families, but also the best gift for friends and relatives.

3.Bone china production process

1). Raw material

Excellent bone china is made by adding a large amount of cow's bone meal containing fewer impurities to the raw materials of feldspar, gueldspar, and clay as the main raw materials, and the molding is made by adding a large amount of cow's bone meal containing fewer impurities to the raw materials: because the raw materials contain a large amount of bone meal, it makes the clay less viscous, and so the molding needs to be made with extra care during the process of production.

2). Firing

(1). After the molding process to 1250 ℃ of the highest temperature calcination, calcination process due to bone china shrinkage is very large, so after kiln firing the finished product will shrink 20% (general porcelain shrinkage of 7%), so the shape of the deformation, plates, bowls, etc. must be placed on top of the special Converse bowl for a long time to burn training.

(2). After that, shape bending and size checking, grinding the surface with a sprayer sprayed with glaze, into the kiln for 1150 ℃ glaze firing.

3). Coloring

The general coloring method is to put transfer paper on the white texture of the finished product and fire it at 820℃.

Inspection Strict inspections are carried out at each stage, and only qualified products are sent to the next stage to be made into finished products for shipment.

4.The main characteristics of bone china

1). Appearance of beauty: porcelain is delicate and transparent, beautiful and elegant, colorful surface moist and shiny, colorful flower surface.

2). High-grade: produced in Britain, has long been the British royal family and the aristocracy of the special porcelain, is a high-grade porcelain, both the use and the double value of art.

3). Craftsmanship: the second firing, complex technology, only the United Kingdom, China, Korea, Japan, Germany, Russia, Thailand have production.

4). Processing is difficult: in the firing process, the degree of regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other physical and chemical indicators are extremely high requirements, resulting in a high rate of scrap.

5. Identification of bone china

1). Color: bone china contains powder because the porcelain itself presents a natural milky white, in layman's terms is with a bit of yellow, this feature is any other porcelain can not be imitated.

2). Transparency: bone china itself to make the recipe for the reason that there is an important external feature is permeability, but this feature is not exclusive to bone china, the market of shellfish porcelain, white porcelain, pearl porcelain as long as you do some of the thin, there is also permeability, but bone china and their The permeability of bone china is different, for customers, bone china in the light bulb to see, bone meal content of high-grade bone china is the whole permeable, bone meal content of bone china and other types of bone china and other porcelain in the effect of permeability is a clear difference. Moreover, the same thickness of porcelain, bone The permeability of bone china is much higher than similar porcelains.

3). Sound: the two high-grade bone china products gently collide, the sound emitted like the sound of wind chimes as pleasant, and there will be a few seconds of echo, while the other porcelain species is basically no. 6.

6. Bone china maintenance

1). Try to wash by hand. If you really do not want to wash by hand, you need to choose a "porcelain and crystal" type of washing function of the dishwasher.

2). Do not microwave dishes that contain gold (unless they contain microwavable gold).

3). Choose a detergent with a pH value between 11 and 11.5.

4). When washing with water, the water temperature should preferably not exceed 80°C.

5). Do not immerse the hot cup directly into cold water to avoid damage to the porcelain by rapid change of temperature.

6). If the product is slightly scratched, use toothpaste to polish it gently to minimize the scratches.

7). If there are tea stains, use lemon juice or vinegar to clean.

8). It is better not to use the product in sudden heat or cold, in order to avoid cracking.

9). Don't put it on the open fire directly (except for the stewing pot).

10). Bone china is delicate and needs careful maintenance.

11). Bone china's in the process of use do not excessive hot and cold alternation, such as in the bone china poured into boiling water, should first use warm boiling water to scald the mug, and then poured into the boiling water, in order to prevent bursting.

7. Selection of bone china

1). Look: the color is milky white, the glaze is uniform, the tire is thin and bright, refreshing.

2). Listen: the left hand palm straight, stretching flat, the bone china vessel in the palm, the right hand hit the edge of the vessel, the sound is crisp and clear, there is a residual sound.

3). Transparent: the cup over the light source, light transmission, soft color for the best.

8. Classification of bone china

1). New Bone China

New bone china is generally called New Bone, Canton Fair no one in the name behind the word China, which was originally an ordinary high-white porcelain, calcium oxide content in the composition is slightly higher than ordinary porcelain, there is a certain degree of translucency, bone china mug manufacturers have given up a The name of a dragon and phoenix, called the new bone china. The main difference between its and bone china (bone china) has the following points:

(1). The raw materials used are different, bone china added more than 40% of bone meal, the new bone china did not add bone meal;

(2). Bone china is fired twice, while new bone china is fired once;

(3). Bone china has a softer whiteness than new bone china, higher transparency, lighter porcelain, and far better appearance than new bone china;

(4). Listen to the sound: the bone china in the heart of the hand, take a pen or a small stick to knock down the bone china bowl will sound like a bell like a ringing sound;

In short, the new bone china is not a new variety of bone china, but to borrow the name only.

2). Low Bone China

Low bone china, is a newly developed porcelain, and bone china has a few blood relations. Generally speaking, raw materials containing 10% bone meal porcelain can be called low-bone china, and bone china generally contains about 40% bone meal; it has and bone china comparable transparency, thinness and finish, but the price of the porcelain. Degree of transparency, thinness and finish, while the price is much cheaper than bone china. Therefore, just one side of the market by the low-grade hotels welcome. It has the following characteristics:

(1). The color of low bone china is the natural milky white color unique to natural bone powder, beautiful and generous!

(2). Appearance: fine and transparent porcelain, beautiful and elegant, colorful surface as jade, colorful flower surface.

(3). High strength, fine and hard products are not easy to wear and rupture, 180 ℃ and 20 ℃ heat exchange in water once without cracking, water absorption rate of less than 0.003%, suitable for dishwashers.

(4). With translucency, lightweight, mainly for mid-range hotel forecourt table, high-grade hotel table and kitchen use.

Although low bone china has most of the characteristics of bone china and popular, but there are differences between the two:

(1). The difference in the content of bone meal: generally contains 10% of bone meal can be called low bone china, while bone china needs to contain more than 30%.

(2). High bone china is required to be fired twice, while low bone china only needs to be fired once.

(3). High bone china is glazed after the product is plain fired and then glazed through a spray gun, while low bone china is glazed by simply dipping the entire clay blank into the glaze and then removing it to dry.

Note that, in general, most of the bone china produced in Tangshan is high bone china, Jingdezhen produced mostly low bone china.

9. The difference between white porcelain and bone china

How to distinguish between white porcelain and bone china when buying? In fact, the method is very simple. Summarized is the following four points: estimate the weight, look at the shape, identify the color, listen to the sound.

1). Estimated weight: weight above the white porcelain, bone china, the two comparisons, the same weight of the porcelain shape is generally said to be slightly heavier white porcelain, bone china lighter.

2). Observation shape: shape to distinguish, because of the process and raw materials, bone china relative to white porcelain is thinner, more rounded and smooth shape, better light transmission.

3). Identify the color: high-grade bone china porcelain fine and dense, smooth surface, glaze bright, color is a natural milky white, the higher the content of bone meal is more close to milky white, on the contrary, if the bone meal content is low, bone china itself is very obvious yellow.

4). Listen to the sound: from the tone, white porcelain is heavier and thicker, the two bowls touched by the "ding" sound, there is basically no echo; and will be two high-grade bone china bowls placed on the hands of the spread for the collision, note that bone china is a high-temperature firing of porcelain, hardness is very high, such a collision will not appear broken.

10. China's bone china status

China first began in 1976 by the first porcelain mug factory in Tangshan City and the Tangshan Ceramic Research Institute. With the improvement of people's living standards, bone china as the world's recognized high-grade porcelain, more and more sought after by people, and its market scale is gradually expanding. China's all over the strife All over China, a variety of bone china, the main places of origin: Hebei, Shandong, Guangdong, Jiangxi and other provinces, and the scale of the trend is expanding day by day.

Black smoke on ceramic mugs, does it affect use?

Xinxiang Custom Ceramic Mug Manufacturer, When we are shopping for ceramic mugs, occasionally we will see ceramic mugs inside or outside will have part of the mug body showing black gray, feel as if it was burned by the fire left behind the smoldering color. Do you know that such a coffee mug can be used normally? What is the cause of this?

Ceramic coffee mug partially or completely black and gray phenomenon is called smoky. This defect is because the billet oxidation is incomplete or reduction too early, so that the billet in the body of carbonaceous organic matter and low-temperature carbon deposits can not be burned out of time, the glaze layer is closed.

By the glaze layer is closed, the surface of the ceramic mug is black and gray, with the shape of smoke. According to Xinxiang ceramic manufacturer more than 20 years of experience in the production of coffee mugs know that the factors affecting the smoke are.

1. In the oxidation stage of burning small and medium fire insulation, oxidation is incomplete, part of the carbon residue in the body of the billet, so that the billet section was gray-black, especially when the billet contains a large amount of carbon in the use of clay, such as gangue, etc., it should be more in the glaze layer before the melting of the billet in the body of the full oxidation of the carbon. For the billet does not contain carbon products should also be in the fire insulation stage to strengthen the oxidation of coal-fired batch kiln and thick tire products, should pay special attention. This is because the batch kiln, ignition kiln temperature is low, more water vapor, plus this time the flue gas temperature is low, the chimney pumping force is weak, in the coal and pry furnace in a short period of time, the nature of the flame in the kiln is a reducing gas, at this time not only the carbon inside the body of the carbon can not be excluded, but also make the body of the billet deposition of carbon, especially when the kiln billet moisture content is high, it is easier to make the products produce water black. Therefore, the fire insulation stage (generally between 1000 ~ 1100 ℃), to maintain a strong oxidizing gas, and there is enough insulation time. That is to say, in the kiln operation, should control the grate on the ash layer, fire layer, the thickness of the coal layer, to ensure good ventilation, excess air coefficient is large, the fire layer of the combustion room clear Bright, each time you add the coal should be burned through, in order to make the billet get fully oxidized. Otherwise, the amount of coal added at this time is too much, the ash layer is too thick, poor ventilation under the stove bar, combustion does not penetrate, the combustion chamber produced by the free carbonaceous flue gas, long time to store in the kiln, and this stage, the billet stomata Rate and the largest billet, strong adsorption, it is easy to adsorb the smoke, resulting in carbon deposition, that is, we see the black and gray smoke pattern on the mug.

2. Reduction stage later, the reduction gas is too thick, that is, when the glaze has been melted, the kiln still maintains a strong reduction gas, but not in time to turn into a weak reduction gas or neutral gas, the product is still in the reduction gas, then the CO in the flue gas decomposition occurs at high temperatures resulting in the area of the material carbon, especially when using calcium glaze, it is easy to adsorb the smoke, thus causing carbon deposition, which is the black and gray smoke pattern we see on the cups. Calcium glaze, because CaO carbon absorption phenomenon is more serious, the most likely to form glaze smoky.

3. Ceramic mug black also need to analyze the billet glaze formula is reasonable. Such as the use of excessive CaO or other flux, so that the billet glaze prematurely produce liquid phase and melt, glass range is too narrow, so that the deposition of carbon can not be burned out in time, or too large a temperature difference between the kiln to ensure that the product gas changes, so that part of the product is in a chaotic gas. So that part of the product is in the chaos of the gas or fuel containing too much sulfur, its sulfur gas in the kiln to stay too long, then the sulfur will take the oxygen in the flue gas, so that the reduction gas becomes thick, easy to produce smoky defects.

In summary, China ceramic mug factoies think these are the 3 reasons for ceramic mug smoking. This can be drawn in the production stage, how to avoid producing smoked ceramic mug. Then, such a ceramic cup whether it affects the use, can buy it? Theoretical conditions, the smoke is produced inside the mug, the cup Outside the glaze to cover it inside, is not to affect the use. However, its aesthetics are not consistent with other ceramic mugs.

The process of making customized bone china dinnerware

Xinxiang ceramic mug manufacturer, The formation of bone china relies mainly on silicon oxide, aluminum oxide and calcium oxide, of which the higher the calcium oxide content, the better the color. In nature, there are not many sources of calcium oxide, so animal bone meal is chosen as the source of calcium oxide.

In fact, the so-called bone china is a bone china product made from the ashes of herbivorous animals (mainly Ca3(PO4)2) as raw material, mixed with high-quality kaolin, quartz and other auxiliary materials, and glazed and fired at 1280℃. Generally speaking, the raw material to add 25% of the bone powder can be called bone china, but today the world recognized the texture of the best bone china for 45% -51% of the content of bone powder, and to the cattle bone is good.

Its production process through to the grouting, mold pressing embryo, gypsum mold dehydration, as well as the initial firing, glaze firing, paste flower paper baking and other processes, the high temperature firing, become high whiteness, high transparency, fine custom porcelain mug. Bone china in the firing process, the degree of regularity, whiteness, transparency, thermal stability and other physical and chemical indicators are extremely high requirements, resulting in a high rate of scrap. Because of the material is exquisite, fine production, strict standards, so the value is higher than other kinds of porcelain.

Unique firing process and the addition of bone carbon, so that the impurities in the porcelain clay is eliminated, bone china appears more white, delicate, translucent, lightweight, very few defects, and thinner than the general porcelain, a special sense of cleanliness in the visual sense of the strength of higher than the general porcelain, is twice as much as the daily use of porcelain. The higher the content of bone meal, the clay content is relatively lower, in the production process, the easier it is to burn crack, in the molding requires higher technology, increasing the difficulty of firing, so it is more precious.

Some people have done this experiment, put 4 bone china cup pad in a Rolls-Royce under the wheels, these 4 crystalline cups can actually be competent to support the weight of the caravan!

High-grade porcelain and bone china similar to the shell porcelain and pearl porcelain, because the cost is too high almost no industrial production, so bone china is recognized as the world's most high-grade porcelain.

Play and collect:

1. British royalty, the United States of America, the upper middle class people drink tea, mostly with bone china mugs. The moment you meet bone china, her bones contain the aristocratic temperament inadvertently revealed!

2. Ceramics originated in China, but bone china was created in the United Kingdom, was a long time is the British royal family's special porcelain, unique and gorgeous. Just today, bone china is also a symbol of the owner's identity and status.

3. A collector of bone china once said that one should communicate with bone china by touch, sight and sound. If you do not understand, you should take the bone china in the hand, to the light to observe the bone china translucent, with the hands of the porcelain feel delicate and hard, and then gently with the index finger and thumb, you can hear the bone china, "ding" a crunch.

When eating is not just satiety, when dining into a fashionable life, so, what to eat is no longer the subject of our attention, where to eat has become a self-evident judgment, a taste, a mood, a kind of enjoyment and an identity!

The Royal Family's Favorite Things

British royalty, the U.S. middle and upper class people drink tea, mostly with bone china mugs, more than two hundred years favored by the British royal family, Queen Elizabeth, Prince Charles, Princess Diana are its honored guests.

The moment you meet bone china, her bones contained in the aristocratic temperament inadvertently exposed to the elegance. Bone china from the 18th century from the Age of Enlightenment, the royal family in Europe shine, become a nobleman table on the delicate bone. Bone china has been used by the British royal family for nearly 250 years, Russia's Queen Katherine is also a loyal supporter of bone china, had 952 pieces of bone china, from the 1902 Roosevelt Presidential White House Banquet, to 1935, the Queen Mary's first voyage on the luxury liner, to the Queen Elizabeth's coronation in 1953, the feast in the annals of history, bone china tableware is always in the list of the exquisite stature of the proud. In the European focus on the quality of life of ordinary people, it is easy to see the elegant hostess, with bone china brewing tea. The gentle golden border, just like outlining the details of a perfect life. There are many bone china pieces that have been honored by the royal family and made famous. When the hands of the bone china cup, see the light through the soft milky white, may wish to live a meticulous, into the hands of the special, the achievement of a story that has been passed down for hundreds of years.

Production process of customized branded ceramic coffee mugs

Xinxiang custom ceramic mug manufacturer, 1. Billet mud

Blending the ingredients into a puree. For specific ingredients see: Various raw materials for ceramic coffee mugs

2. Blank mold making

The factory uses a lathe press. After installing a new mold into the press, the mold is first adjusted (note: the new mold needs to wait for drying before it can be used), then the cut blanks are put into the mold, and the head of the press is dropped into the mold and rotated, and the blank production is completed. The mug handle is usually made by grouting (it takes about 10-15 minutes to solidify and mold).

3. Assembly

The pressed blanks are left for 5-10 minutes to harden. Remove the handle from the mug after it has solidified. First, flatten the ends of the handle, then correct the excess clay on the handle. Finally, holding the handle in your hand, dip the handle into the clay and glue the handle and body together to form a complete ceramic coffee mug. It takes about 20-30 minutes to dry the finished mug (increase the blowing force and temperature to speed up the drying process).

4. Repair

After drying ceramic mug blanks need to trim and wash. The purpose is to remove the protruding particles on the surface of the mug, and the bottom of the mug will be polished smooth. After trimming and washing the mug blanks, the final drying. This takes about 10 hours until all the water in the mugs has evaporated.

5. Glaze

Glaze the completely dried mugs. There are many types of glazes (Ingredients and Classification of Glazes: The characteristics and functions of 7 glazes of ceramic mugs). In the glazing session, the simplest is a single-color glaze, in which the entire molded cup is placed in the glaze. If the mug requires multiple glaze colors, the operation is a bit more complicated. An example is the common two-tone glazed mug - one color on the outside and another color on the inside. The glazing process for a two-color glazed mug is as follows:

1). Glaze the mouth of the mug. The mouth of the mug is where the two colors connect, so it requires special treatment. The mouth of the mug should be dipped in the corresponding glaze, and to prevent the two glazes from overlapping, the glaze that dips the mouth of the mug should be filled with a water-resistant agent.

2). Glaze the inside. Place the branded ceramic mug with the mouth down into the machine. With the movement of the conveyor belt, the glaze nozzle will invert the inside wall of the mug, evenly sprayed with glaze color.

3). Glaze the outer wall. After drying the mug, put it into the glaze liquid, the industry is called dip glaze.

6. Enter the kiln

The glazed mugs will be dried, you can enter the kiln firing. Time is more than 10 hours, according to the mug type different time is also different. In addition, according to the customer's requirements for the color of the mug, there are high temperature firing, medium temperature firing and low temperature firing.

7. Out of kiln

Out of the kiln The finished ceramic mugs are cooled in the kiln.

8. Decorate the paper

According to the customer's requirements, the picture will be made into flower paper. At present, there are many kinds of flower paper, more detailed see: Decal paper categories and decal techniques for ceramic coffee mugs At present, the most commonly used is the small film flower paper. Small film flower paper is composed of the bottom layer of base paper (also known as paper base), the middle layer of the sol, and the surface of the cover oil. Small film paper in accordance with the different barbecue temperature can be divided into: high-temperature flower paper and low-temperature flower paper.

1). The main component of low-temperature flower paper is ink material, the production of color material is slow to dry, need enough time to fully dry completely before the second process; low-temperature flower paper firing temperature: baked 120-180 degrees. Low-temperature flower paper paper affordable, colorful, versatile, glossy, three-dimensional sense of strong, anti-corrosion environmental protection, but the adhesion is relatively weak.

2). High-temperature paper: glazed, glazed, under the glaze, glazed paper firing temperature of 780 degrees or so, glazed paper, firing temperature 1250 degrees to 1380 degrees; high-temperature paper wear resistance is good, long time to place there will be no peeling off the phenomenon of color loss, strong adhesion, but its price is higher than the low-temperature paper, easy to burst flowers and other phenomena, the temperature of the difficulty of controlling a single.

Sometimes according to different colors to choose a different temperature. Especially with gold flower paper, the temperature is too high easy to burn black, discoloration; too low if the color is not bright enough, dark. After the paper is attached to the cup, it is fired in the kiln. According to the different paper, set the firing temperature.

Lastly, there is the tearing process. There are two kinds of film tearing: cold tearing and hot tearing (cold tearing is to tear the film before baking the flowers, and the other is to tear the film after baking for hot tearing), cold tearing every time you stick, the time for 10-24 hours is the best time. Try to put in a cool and ventilated place, easy to tear the film. Winter weather is colder, generally use hot tear.

In summary, customized personalized ceramic coffee mugs, from the ore to the finished product of the whole process of change. Of course, the production process of each factory is not very different, but the quality of the product, the grade of raw materials and the level of craftsmanship is still different. If you want to customize branded ceramic coffee mugs, it is recommended to choose a professional ceramic production factory.

Introduction to Shandong Ceramics: categories, industries, brands and plans

Xinxiang ceramic mug manufacturer CO.,Ltd, Shandong ceramics are mainly daily-use ceramics, arts and crafts ceramics, garden ceramics, sanitary ceramics, high-tech ceramics, high-level refractories, ceramic machinery, ceramic pigments and other 12 categories of ceramics more than 30,000 varieties of products are sold to more than 80 countries and regions, in China's ceramic industry In China's ceramic industry occupies a pivotal position, enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.

1.Development of ceramic industry

Shandong Province is one of the important production areas of ceramic production in the country, the total output of daily-use ceramics in Shandong Province in 2012 was 1.965 billion pieces. An increase of 32.92% over the previous year, 0.39 percentage points higher than the country, accounting for 7.2% of the country's total output, with independent intellectual property rights of synthetic bone china, High quartz porcelain, magnesium reinforced porcelain, Chinese celadon, Lu Qing porcelain and other high-grade products sell well throughout the country, accounting for about 20% of the domestic market share of high-grade daily-use porcelain, ceramics exported to Europe, America, Southeast Asia, more than 80 countries and regions, Shandong ceramics as a ceramics industry, a famous brand at home and abroad Shandong ceramics as a famous brand in the ceramics industry at home and abroad enjoys a high reputation in the market, the province's main source Zibo City in 2004 by the state awarded the "China Ceramics City", Zibo ceramics as a "national ceramics" to become the Zhongnanhai, Ziguangge, the Great Hall of the People, Diaoyutai State Guesthouse and other state party and government organs of the special ceramics, and in 2009 was awarded the "National Ceramics" award. In 2009, Zibo Ceramics was In 2009, Zibo Ceramics was awarded the regional brand of "Zibo Ceramics Contemporary National Kiln" by China Ceramics Association, taking the lead in leaping to a famous brand in the national ceramics industry. In recent years, "Zibo Ceramics Contemporary National Kiln" regional brand as the lead of Shandong ceramics, the implementation of the transformation mode, adjust the structure, create a famous brand, branding. Break into the market, the connotation of development, industrial branding marketing strategy, has achieved remarkable results. 2012 annual industrial output value of 38 billion yuan, an increase of 20%; sales revenue of 37 billion yuan, an increase of 20%; profits and taxes of 4 billion yuan, profits of 23%. 2.7 billion yuan, an increase of 23%.

2. Shandong ceramic talent

At present, the province has a total of 164 ceramic masters above the provincial level honorary title. Among them: China Ceramic Art Master 13, 151 ceramic masters in Shandong Province. There are also 56 outstanding young ceramic artists in Shandong Province. With science and technology and other professional senior There are more than 1,000 technical titles; national experts, enjoy the State Council special government subsidies, provincial, ministerial and municipal level outstanding contributions of young and middle-aged experts more than 60, won the national, provincial and industry awards for scientific and technological research and development results of more than 300, of which, magnesium reinforced porcelain won the third prize of the National Science and Technology Invention, the synthetic bone Third prize for technological inventions, synthetic bone china won the second prize for national scientific and technological inventions, the highest award for the national ceramic industry. In recent years, Shandong ceramics into the brand market of new porcelain, new design, new shape number of ceramic production areas in the country dominate.

3. Shandong ceramic brand

Shandong ceramics industry has 3 Chinese famous brand, 4 China Well-known Trademarks, 13 Chinese ceramics industry brand, 9 Shandong Province brand, 9 Shandong Province, Shandong Province, Shandong Province, 3 Shandong Light Industry brand, 17 Shandong Province ceramics industry brand.

4. Shandong ceramics development plan

Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the province's ceramic industry is facing rare development opportunities and serious challenges. Domestic and foreign market potential, export ceramic trade volume is rising steadily, the state attaches importance to the development of new ceramic materials. Our province has the foundation to accelerate the development of ceramic industry, high-tech Ceramics, high-level daily fine porcelain, export ceramics and other products have a competitive advantage over other production areas. "Zibo Ceramics Contemporary Kiln" regional brand reputation continues to improve, Shandong ceramics industry should seize the opportunity for development, play to the advantage of improving the ability of independent innovation, the implementation of the "daily" ceramic differentiation, artistic ceramics team Ceramic differentiation, artistic ceramics team, industry division of labor specialization, management services specific "branding strategy, accelerate the pace of transformation and upgrading of traditional industries.

Twelfth Five-Year" period, the province's ceramic industry development focus: daily-use ceramics as industrial support, high-tech ceramics and ceramic materials as the cutting-edge development of the industry, arts and crafts ceramics and ceramic decorative materials as an industrial base, the development of ceramic culture in Zibo as an emerging cultural industry in Shandong Province for cultivation. Cultivate for emerging cultural industries in Shandong Province.

1). Economic indicators: by 2015 to achieve total industrial output value of 50.5 billion yuan, an average annual growth rate of 17%; sales revenue of 49 billion yuan, an average annual growth rate of 17%; profit and tax of 5.9 billion yuan, an average annual growth rate of 19%; of which 3.6 billion yuan in profits, an average annual growth rate of 20%. Export earnings strive to achieve 600 million dollars.

2). Energy saving and consumption reduction: elimination of coal-fired kiln production, all use of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas-based clean fuels, zero sulfur dioxide emissions, kiln waste heat utilization to 100%. Waste water, waste porcelain, waste gypsum, waste sagger full recycling, to 2015 daily Ceramic integrated energy consumption of 900 kg, 25% lower than in 2010. Scale to all enterprises through the quality management system and environmental management system dual certification.

3). Scientific and technological innovation: by 2015, the completion of high-tech ceramics, advanced daily fine porcelain, high-grade refractory materials, ceramic materials, arts and crafts ceramics, Zibo ceramic culture and art of six scientific research and technology development centers.

4). Industrial clusters: by 2015, the establishment of high-tech ceramics, high-grade hotel porcelain, export ceramics, ceramic decorative materials, high-grade refractories, ceramic new materials, arts and crafts ceramics 7 production and sales base

5). Famous Brand Creation: By 2015, strive to create 6 Chinese brand-name products and China Well-known Trademarks. 5 Chinese ceramic industry brands. "Zibo Ceramics Contemporary National Kiln" regional brand to become the international and domestic ceramics industry brand.

Ceramic flower paper classification and characteristics of appreciation

Xinxiang custom ceramic mug manufacturer, Ceramic applique, is to paste the color pattern on the stained paper to ceramic blanks or glaze, also known as "flower shift", is the most widely used in modern ceramics, a decorative technique. Pattern decoration to rely on printing reproduction method to achieve, that is, directly on the object printing patterns. For shaped and special requirements of the bearing material and bearer, it is necessary to use indirect decorative method. Small film paper is to meet this requirement of a decorative method.

Small film stained paper, also known as water transfer decal paper, it is the first pattern printed on a pre-coated water-soluble adhesive special paper, and then through the water soak wetting, transfer attached to the surface of the object of a decorative process. Small membrane flower paper is composed of the bottom layer of base paper (also known as paper base), the middle layer of the soluble glue, and the surface of the cover oil.

Membrane paper according to the different barbecue temperature after the transfer of paste can be divided into: high-temperature flower paper and low-temperature flower paper. Here we look at their differences and commonalities:

1. low-temperature stained paper is the main component of the ink material, the production of color material drying slow, need enough time to fully dry completely to the second process; low-temperature flower paper firing temperature: baked 120-180 degrees. Low-temperature floral paper paper affordable, colorful, versatile, glossy, three-dimensional sense of strong, anti-corrosion environmental protection, but the adhesion is relatively weak.

2. High-temperature paper points: glazed, glazed, under the glaze, glazed paper is mainly used for bottles and daily-use porcelain, firing temperature of 780 degrees or so, glazed, under the glaze is mainly used for daily-use porcelain, art porcelain, etc., some high-grade bottles are also used in glazed paper, firing temperature of 1250 degrees to 1380 degrees; high-temperature flower paper wear resistance is good, often placed in a period of time will not be peeling off the phenomenon of loss of color, adhesion is stronger, but the price is higher than the Low-temperature paper is high, easy to burst flowers and other phenomena, the difficulty of controlling the temperature single, sometimes according to different colors to choose a different temperature. Especially with gold stained paper, the temperature is too high easy to burn black, discoloration; too low if the color is not bright enough, dark.

3. The life of the flower paper: low-temperature flower paper service life time than high-temperature flower paper short, the best decal time is within a month to be used up, too long, then easy to oxidize, so basically do not do inventory.

4. Decal paper dehydration: Decal bad dehydration phenomenon, generally the base paper problem, this time can not be too hard to pull, will pull the pattern of the paper bad, it is recommended to soak a little longer, but the water temperature can not be higher than 25 degrees, should be in 20-25 degrees is appropriate.

5. Decal: decal process, scrape the stained paper as much as possible with soft rubber, especially paste low-temperature flower surface, easy to scratch the pattern. In the decal need moisture fully dry, and then wipe again with a dry cloth.

6. tear film: divided into two kinds of cold tear and hot tear (cold tear is in the baking flower before tearing the film, another is baked and then tear the film for the hot tear), cold tear each time to paste, the time for 10-24 hours for the best time. Try to put in a cool and ventilated place, easy to tear the film. In winter, the weather is cold, generally use hot tearing.

7. Decal adhesion problems: in different ceramic mugs, will affect the efficacy of the paper, for example: the surface of the bottle will have a rough surface often a few problems, paste up to put half an hour on the phenomenon of shedding, mainly the plane is not smooth enough, we will usually be a special treatment of small patterns or the overall base film to do a big, increase the consolidation of the strength of each pattern; if the paste up to baking flowers or bad adhesion, can only be put to baking the temperature of flowers Increase the baking temperature or keep warm in the kiln for a longer time (if you still can't deal with the above problems, you can only brush a layer of wax on the position of the decal, and then paste the pattern to be pasted on it, adding a program. (This is only for the rough treatment of wine bottles, not with rough bottles, flower paper ink paste up will not have this problem)

8. Storage of stained paper: storage and transportation process can not be heavy pressure, should be placed in an upright position. It is recommended that the porcelain factory store the paper in a humidity of 60-75 degrees for storage.

If you want to customize flower paper for ceramic mugs or ceramic coffee mugs with logos, you can contact  ceramic production factories in China.