2025年4月1日星期二

What kind of ceramic coffee mugs are not dishwasher and microwave safe?

Xinxiang ceramic mug manufacturer Co.,Ltd, in "Is it safe to microwave ceramic mugs and plates?", we introduced that some ceramic coffee mugs are not suitable for microwave oven, in which one of the factors is: ceramic stained paper. Ceramic stained paper is categorized according to the baking temperature: high-temperature paper and low-temperature paper. Low temperature ceramic stained paper can not be used in microwave oven because of low operating temperature. So, can ceramic stained paper coffee mugs still be used in the dishwasher? No, it can't. Why can't ceramic stained paper coffee mugs be used in either microwave or dishwasher? Then, we will introduce the characteristics and features of ceramic stained paper in detail.


1. What is ceramic stained paper?

The ceramic stained paper we see every day is mostly small film floral paper, also known as water transfer decal paper. It is first printed on a special paper pre-coated with water-soluble adhesive, and then moistened by water immersion, transferred to the surface of the object attached to a decorative process. Small film ceramic stained paper is composed of the bottom layer of base paper (also called paper base), the middle layer of soluble adhesive, and the surface of the cover oil.


2. The characteristics of ceramic stained paper

Water transfer decal paper base paper to have good water absorption, but also brings a contradiction, that is, the printing process, if the base paper absorbs too much water, it will become heavy and soft, the paper is not good to organize and operate, and the paper is bound to swell, resulting in the printing process of inaccurate color registration, this inaccurate characteristics of the expansion of the irregularity, it is a difficult to solve the problem. If encountered in dry weather, the paper will shrink, become smaller, will also cause inaccurate color registration. When this happens, the paper may appear four corners of the phenomenon of warping, not good finishing, but also not easy to print. So the choice of base paper, to emphasize its stability. Secondly, the environment of the printing shop to maintain constant temperature and humidity, temperature control at 22 ℃, humidity of about 55%. Another focus of the paper is the performance of hydrosol surfacing, requires smooth, not easy to harden, shrinkage, cracking. Identify the quality of the paper, whether it is suitable for your production, to use the simulation of production test. Ceramic stained paper appears to be four corners or a side of the phenomenon of warping, most because of the hydrosol surface hardening, shrinkage caused by. Water-motion ceramic stained paper is also suitable for a variety of special processes: for example, it can be printed with precious metal preparations as well as patterns with relief effects. It is also possible to print ceramic stained papers according to different firing temperatures: over-glaze, under-glaze and under-glaze. The thickness of the printed color layer can also be thickened or thinned at will.

3. The difference between high-temperature ceramic stained paper and low-temperature ceramic stained paper

1) . Firing temperature: high temperature ceramic stained paper firing temperature, generally controlled at 600 ℃ -1000 ℃. According to the ceramic stained paper in the glaze position, set a different firing temperature. This firing temperature is much higher than the low temperature ceramic stained paper. Therefore, ceramic stained paper ceramic coffee mugs are not afraid of high temperatures. The firing temperature of low temperature ceramic stained paper is around 150℃. Therefore, it can be seen that the ceramic stained paper of the low-temperature flower paper of the ceramic coffee mug is not adapted to the high temperature. If it is put into the microwave oven and heated at a high temperature, the color of its pattern will fade or even disappear. The evaporation of the ink of the ceramic stained paper is not good for the health of our body.

2) . Color vividness: the color vividness of high temperature ceramic stained paper is slightly worse than low temperature ceramic stained paper. There are some special colors, such as purple, gradient colors, patterns with metallic colors. In order to ensure the quality of the picture, it is better to use low-temperature ceramic stained paper.

3) . Abrasion resistance: high temperature floral paper because of the high firing temperature, the glaze will completely vitrify the ceramic stained paper during the firing process, generating a protective film on the outer wall of the ceramic coffee mug. Therefore, high temperature ceramic stained paper coffee mugs are dishwasher safe. Low temperature ceramic stained paper is not dishwasher safe because of the process. If a coffee mug with low-temperature ceramic stained paper is washed in a dishwasher, its image will most likely be scratched and the mug will be prone to scratches.

4) . Stability: high-temperature floral paper although the color is not as bright as low-temperature floral paper, but its color has a strong stability, 5 years or even longer, high-temperature floral paper of the color of the coffee mug is still as new. Low-temperature ceramic stained paper because of process problems, try to maintain the clarity of the original color, but the duration will not be too long. Its color will gradually dim with time.


It can be seen that high temperature ceramic stained paper and low temperature ceramic stained paper have their own advantages and disadvantages. Then, when we customize ceramic stained paper coffee mugs, we can choose high temperature paper or low temperature paper depending on whether we need microwave and dishwasher. Although there is a difference between the two, their production process is the same. Here is the introduction


4. Ceramic stained paper production process

1) . Color separation: according to the pattern demand, color design and color separation processing, to ensure the accuracy of the pattern color and sense of hierarchy.

2) . Plate making: Convert the designed pattern into AI file required for making ceramic stained paper, and make the design draft film for logo and flower surface pattern.

3) . Color mixing: According to the PANTONE NUMBER of the design, various base colors of ceramic pigment will be synthesized into the required color according to a certain ratio, and this process includes automatic color mixing and manual color mixing.

4) . Making samples: make the first batch of sample ceramic stained paper on semi-automatic ceramic stained paper machine, test the color condition of the samples by baking on the mugs, and adjust it if there is any deviation until it reaches the required color of the customers.

5) . Mass production: After the samples are confirmed, mass production is carried out by fully automated machinery.


5. Status of ceramic stained paper production

Ceramic stained paper, as a material for ceramic production, has a very short industrial chain and is bound to be significantly affected by the ceramic industry. The layout of ceramic stained paper factory is a good illustration of this point, whether it is China's ceramic mug base, or ceramic mug production bases in other countries, they are accumulated around a large number of ceramic stained paper production factories. Ceramic stained paper, is an important part of the ceramic mug group layer. Just like a beautiful girl can not be separated from the beautiful clothes. Whether the ceramic cup is used for domestic sales, or as a coffee mug export. Ceramic stained paper is an indispensable part. China relies on a long history of ceramic production and technology is constantly updated, especially in terms of safety and environmental protection, ceramic stained paper production process has made great progress. Xinxiang Ceramic Mugs Manufacturer, while satisfying customers with customized ceramic mugs, uses safe and environmentally friendly ceramic stained paper to provide you with high quality ceramic coffee mugs.


2025年3月11日星期二

Making Ceramic Coffee Mugs - Solid and Hollow Grouting

Xinxiang ceramic mug manufacturer Co,. Ltd, Some of the commonly used ceramic coffee mugs are made through a grouting process. Which ceramic coffee mugs are produced by grouting and which are produced by roller pressing? In general: mugs with complex shapes, such as irregularly shaped mass-produced ceramic coffee mugs, are mostly produced by grouting; regular shaped cylindrical coffee mugs, most of which are produced by roller pressing. Of course, there are exceptions. For example, the thinner cylindrical shaped ceramic coffee mugs, there are also produced by injection molding. In fact, many coffee mugs are a combination of both production processes. For example, we commonly use ceramic mugs with handles, where the mug is made by roller pressing and the handle is made by grouting. Roller pressing is relatively simple, and today we will explain the production process of grouting.


Grouting process is the use of gypsum mold absorbency, will have the mobility of the mud into the gypsum mold, so that the mud dispersed adhesion in the model, the formation and the model of the same shape of the billet layer of mud, and with the extension of time and gradually thickened, when it reaches a certain thickness, by drying and contraction and detached from the mold wall, and then take out of the mold, the billet system is completed. Grouting process is divided into: hollow grouting and solid grouting.


1. Hollow grouting

Hollow grouting is the use of gypsum model one-sided suction pulp and the formation of products, the thickness of the blank depends on the mud in the model to stay in the time, generally applicable to the injection system pots, mugs, jars, bottles and other hollow vessels or figures, toys and other artistic bone china. With this method of injection into the body, the shape of the injection depends on the shape of the model work surface. The operation process is: first of all, the model work surface of the dust or dry mud clean, assembled model. The moisture content of the model should be maintained at about 5%, too dry and too wet are prone to cause defects in the blank. Grouting its into the slurry speed should not be too fast, should make the model of the air with the injection of slurry and exhaust away. Mud filled model, after an appropriate period of time, so that the adsorption in the mold wall of the mud layer to reach the required thickness, and then pour out the excess mud. Then when the blank hardens and leaves the mold, it can be removed. In order to prevent deformation of the product, the need to thicken the bottom, you can take the second grouting, that is, first injected a small amount of mud at the bottom (commonly known as “foot”), to be slightly dry, and then all the mud filled, and then operated in accordance with the above process.

Hollow grout used in the mud, its specific gravity is generally smaller than the solid grout, about 1.6-1.8. fluidity is generally 10-15 seconds, the consistency of about 1.1-1.4.

In order to speed up the formation of blanks, improve the quality of products and production efficiency, many porcelain factories have adopted centrifugal grouting, and on the basis of the use of photoresistor control, composed of mechanically operated grouting forming assembly line. Centrifugal grouting operation, is to inject mud into the rotating gypsum model, under the action of centrifugal force, so that the mud close to the mold wall, dewatering the formation of blanks. Due to the lightness of the air bubbles in the slurry, when the model is rotating, most of them are concentrated in the middle, and finally ruptured and disappeared. Using this method of injection into the body, the thickness is more uniform, not easy to deform.

Centrifugal grouting slurry used, the size of its solid particles should not be too different, otherwise the coarse particles will be concentrated in the interior of the body, while the fine particles are easy to concentrate on the surface of the model, resulting in uneven organization, uneven contraction. The speed of the model should depend on the size of the product, large products should be slow, small and medium-sized products can be faster, generally 460-540 rpm. If the rotational speed is too slow, it is easy to appear mud grain.

2. Solid grouting

Solid grouting using two gypsum mold surface (model and mold core) between the cavity, mud by the model and mold core of the working surface of the two sides of the water absorption and the formation of products, it is also known as double-sided grout absorption method. Generally used for injection of cups and spoons, fish plates, duck ponds, juice bucket and other shaped products or porcelain plate, can also be injected into the two sides of different shapes and patterns or large, thick-walled products, the thickness of the blank by the model and the cavity between the mold core size to decide. Operation, will be injected into the mud between the model and the mold core, to be most of the water in the mud by the gypsum mold absorption, the blank contraction away from the mold, at this time you can uncover the model, let the blank in the mold core to dry, until the blank in the basic exclusion of water after the blanks, and then take out the blanks. In order to facilitate the grouting of air discharge, must be reserved in the model of the air release pathway.

Solid grout slurry than hollow grout slurry specific gravity, generally between 171.9. The consistency is also higher, and the fineness can be coarsened appropriately. As the model from two directions to suck out the water in the mud, so near the mold wall of the body is more dense, the center part of the body is more loose, the uniformity is not ideal.

In order to speed up the injection of the body into the speed of the body to promote the structure of the body dense, to prevent the plaster mold on both sides of the slurry caused by the body delamination, resulting in cracking, blistering and other defects occur, so many porcelain factories switch to pressure grouting, will be placed in a bucket of slurry to raise the position of the use of slurry to increase the pressure of the slurry bit of energy. There is also the use of compressed air to increase the mud pressure, that is, compressed air pipeline grouting.

Pressure grouting slurry pressure, should be based on the shape and specifications of the product (size and thickness), generally should be controlled in 500-800 millimeters of mercury column, the minimum should not be less than 300 millimeters of mercury column. Practice has proved that increasing the pressure of mud, can improve the strength of the billet ring, reduce porosity, but must pay attention to the model of the reinforcement and close, otherwise prone to rotten mold and run pulp phenomenon.


Production of different requirements of ceramic products, China Ceramic Mug Manufacturers technical engineers will choose hollow grouting or solid grouting. These two ways in addition to the mold is not the same, using two ways of mud is also different. The key point is the difference between the liquidity of the two types of slurry. What determines the fluidity is a substance called diluent. We can understand that it is like the role of water in coffee. The more diluent there is, the more fluid the mud will be; conversely, the less fluid it will be. This is the same type of mud used in the common ceramic coffee mugs that we see when the handle is bonded to the mug.

2025年3月4日星期二

Is it safe to microwave ceramic mugs and plates?

Xinxiang custom ceramic mug manufacturer co.,ltd, In our daily life, we often come across the microwave heating, ceramic mugs, ceramic plates can be used? To get an accurate answer, then we have to analyze the raw materials, production process and the characteristics of ceramic products. Most of the ceramic products (ceramic coffee mugs, ceramic plates) is suitable for microwave ovens. Of course there are exceptions exist.


To get an accurate answer, then, we have to first understand the working principle and characteristics of microwave ovens.


1. The working principle of microwave oven


Microwave oven is the use of food in the microwave field to absorb microwave energy and make their own heating cooking appliances. In the microwave oven microwave generator generated microwaves in the microwave oven cavity to establish a microwave electric field, and take certain measures to make this microwave electric field in the oven cavity as uniformly distributed, the food into the microwave electric field, by the control center to control the cooking time and the intensity of the microwave electric field, to carry out a variety of cooking processes.


In layman's terms, microwave is a high-frequency electromagnetic waves, which itself does not produce heat, in the universe, nature, there are microwaves everywhere, but the existence of nature's microwave, because the dispersion is not centralized, so it can not heat the food. Microwave oven is the use of its internal magnetron, the electrical energy into microwaves to 2450MHz oscillation frequency penetrate the food, when the microwave is absorbed by the food, food within the polar molecules (such as water, fat, protein, sugar, etc.) that is attracted to the speed of 2.45 billion times per second of rapid oscillation, the macro-expression of this vibration is the food is heated.

2. Three characteristics of microwave ovens


1). Reflectivity. Microwaves touching metal will be reflected back, so the use of specially treated steel plate made of the inner wall, according to the microwave oven wall caused by the reflection, so that the microwave back and forth to penetrate the food, to strengthen the thermal efficiency. However, the furnace shall not use metal containers, otherwise it will affect the heating time, and even cause the furnace discharge fire.

2). Penetration. Microwave penetration of general ceramics, glass, etc., so the common utensils used for microwave cooking. Glassware should use high-temperature glass material, low-temperature glass is not suitable for microwave heating utensils. Most of the daily ceramic products can be used for microwave oven. For example: ceramic plates, ceramic bowls, ceramic mug supplier and so on. But with gold, silver, and plastic accessories of ceramic products, can not be used as microwave heating utensils. The gold and silver edges in ceramic products are real metal, which will cause harm in the high temperature of the microwave oven. As for plastic fittings, most of them are not heat resistant and are not suitable for microwave oven.

3). Absorption. Various types of food can absorb microwaves, resulting in molecules within the food through oscillation, friction and heat. However, the degree of penetration of various foods depending on its quality and quantity of size, thickness and other factors vary.


We know how the microwave oven is heating food, then ceramic products are suitable for it? Then we also have to understand what the raw materials of ceramic products; raw materials have what characteristics; in the production of ceramic products, what process is used. Finished ceramic products have what kind of characteristics?


3. Raw materials for ceramic mugs


Ceramic products (including ceramic coffee cups, ceramic tableware, etc.) of raw materials, production plants generally become: porcelain clay. The composition of porcelain clay is mainly clay (Al2O3-2SiO2-H2O), feldspar (K2O-Al2O3-6SiO2), quartz (SiO2) and mullite (SiO2-Al2O3). Early ceramic products, including ceramic coffee mugs, ceramic plates, etc., are made of a single clay mineral raw materials, and later, with the development of ceramic technology and improve the performance requirements of the products, people gradually added to the blanks of other mineral raw materials, that is, in addition to the use of clay as a plastic raw material, but also the appropriate addition of quartz as a barren raw material, add feldspar, and other alkali and alkaline earth metal containing minerals as a flux material. Minerals as flux raw materials. At present, there is no uniform method of classification of ceramic raw materials, generally according to the process characteristics of raw materials are divided into plasticity raw materials, barren raw materials, fusible raw materials and functional raw materials of four categories.


Our daily use of ceramics, generally wearing a smooth, smooth clothes, especially daily-use ceramics, “clothes” is more concerned, some white as jade, some colorful, very beautiful. Ceramics of this garment, called “glaze”.

4. Ceramic mug glaze


Glaze is attached to the surface of the ceramic coffee mug a continuous vitreous layer, or a mixture of vitreous and crystalline layer. Ancient people may be inspired by the beautiful texture of the surface of the shell, it is consciously using shellac as the earliest glaze. China Ceramic Mug Factory learned that as early as three thousand years ago in the Shang Dynasty in China, our ancestors have learned to use rocks and mud to make glaze to decorate ceramics. The glaze used in the production of modern ceramic mugs is divided into lime glaze and long ancient glaze. Lime glaze is used to glaze fruit (similar to porcelain stone of a natural mineral raw materials) and gray glaze (the main ingredient of calcium oxide) formulated, feldspar glaze is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, marble, kaolin and so on. In the lime glaze and feldspar glaze in the addition of metal oxides, or infiltration of other chemical ingredients, it will become a variety of glaze colors. Glaze according to the appearance of the characteristics can be divided into transparent glaze, opalescent glaze, color glaze, light glaze, lightless glaze, crackle glaze (open flake), crystalline glaze. These kinds of glazes are widely used in the current ceramic industry, if you want to know the details of these 7 kinds of ceramic glazes, please refer to: The characteristics and functions of 7 glazes of ceramic mugs


5. Ceramic mugs flower paper

We see the beautiful patterns on the outside of the ceramic coffee mugs and the logo of the company on the bottom of the mugs, all of which are flower paper. Flower paper is made of the bottom layer of the base paper (also known as paper base), the middle layer of the sol, and the surface of the cover oil composition. The printing form of flower paper can be flat printing, screen printing and stencil transfer printing, the most commonly used of these three is screen printing. Flower paper is a particularly absorbent, the surface is coated with a water-soluble adhesive film of paper, printed flower paper soaked in water, the paper absorbs water, dissolve the surface of the water-soluble adhesive, it can make the pattern of the oil agent by the surface of the paper sliding separation, after the separation of the pattern is still a little water-soluble adhesive, it can be pasted on the ceramic products. Ceramic mugs of flower paper according to the baking temperature is divided into: low-temperature flower paper and high-temperature flower paper. Low-temperature paper baking temperature is 120-180 degrees Celsius, high-temperature paper baking temperature is about 1000 degrees Celsius. Because low-temperature flower paper has a lower firing temperature, it is not suitable for microwave ovens. Ceramic mugs or ceramic tableware with high-temperature floral paper are suitable for microwave. So how to distinguish between ceramic mugs with low-temperature floral paper and high-temperature floral paper? In the future, Xinxiang ceramic mug factory will do a special topic, talk about the difference between the two.


6. Which ceramic mugs are not suitable for microwave oven


The above information can be seen, ceramic products are more suitable for microwave use. So, are all ceramic mugs, ceramic plates are suitable for microwave oven? There are also special ceramic products that are not suitable. For example: ceramic items with gold and silver edges are not suitable for microwave use. Because gold and silver wires are made of real metal, it is not resistant to high temperature. Ceramic coffee mugs with low-temperature floral paper are not suitable for microwave. Especially if the inside of the mug is printed with low-temperature floral paper and the top of the ceramic plate is printed with low-temperature floral paper. This low-temperature floral paper of ceramic products, after microwave heating, the color of the pattern will change, affecting the beauty and health. Coated ceramic mugs because the outer wall is coated with low-temperature coating, we see daily with personalized customized photos of the mug, this kind of mug is coated mug. This coating transfers the photo to the mug at 200-400 degrees Celsius. Therefore, coated mugs are not heat resistant and are not suitable for use in the microwave. For more information about coated mugs, please refer to: Custom Coated Mugs with Coating, Foil and Printing Processes .


7. In summary


Ceramic mugs and other daily-use ceramics, including coffee mugs and tableware, are made from porcelain clay (clay) that is mechanically pressed and molded or slurry molded, covered with glaze, and fired at high temperatures. Therefore, whether it is the raw materials of ceramic mugs, glaze raw materials, or production process, ceramic mugs are not afraid of high temperatures, it will be suitable for microwave use.


2025年2月25日星期二

Systematic introduction to the knowledge of Chinese ceramics (ceramic mugs)

Xin xiang ceramic mug manufacturer Co,. ltd, Ceramics is a collective term for pottery and porcelain, and ceramics can be used as handicrafts, daily necessities and industrial supplies. As far back as the Neolithic era, China has a rough, simple style of colored pottery and black pottery. Pottery and porcelain have different textures and properties. Pottery, is a high viscosity, plasticity of the clay as the main raw material made of opaque, with fine pores and weak water absorption, hit the sound turbid. Porcelain is made of clay, feldspar and quartz, translucent, non-absorbent, corrosion-resistant, hard and compact tire, knocking sound brittle.


1. Definition

Ceramics is a collective term for pottery and porcelain. Traditional ceramics, also known as ordinary ceramics, is to clay and other natural silicates as the main raw material fired products, modern ceramics, also known as new ceramics, fine ceramics or specialty ceramics. Commonly used non-silicate chemical raw materials or synthetic raw materials, such as oxides (alumina, zirconia, titanium oxide, etc.) and non-oxide (silicon nitride, boron carbide, etc.) manufacturing. Ceramics have many advantages such as excellent insulation, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance, high hardness, low density, radiation resistance, etc., and have been widely used in various fields. Traditional ceramic products include daily-use ceramics, building sanitary ceramics, industrial art ceramics, chemical ceramics, electrical ceramics, etc., with a wide variety and different properties. With the rise of high-tech industries, a variety of new special ceramics have also gained greater development, ceramics have increasingly become excellent structural and functional materials. They have higher than traditional ceramics temperature resistance, mechanical properties, special electrical properties and excellent chemical resistance.


2. History

Neolithic era, China has a rough, simple style of colored pottery and black pottery. To the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth century BC - eleventh century) glazed pottery and porcelain nature of the first hard glazed pottery has appeared. By the Wei and Jin Dynasties (220-420 A.D.), China had already accomplished the major invention of firing porcelain with a high degree of heat to produce a solid texture. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), the production technology and artistic creation of ceramics reached a high level. Exported to Japan, India, Persia and Egypt, played an important role in international cultural exchanges, won the "porcelain country". Ming and Qing dynasties (AD 1368-1911) ceramics from the production of blanks, decorative, glaze to firing, technology and more than the previous generation.

The history of Chinese ceramics development is long. Starting from the early Neolithic period when the most primitive pottery was fired to the invention of porcelain and its universal application, both technology and art have been progressing; in the process of adapting to the needs of people's survival and life, the types of ceramic objects fired have been increasing, the styles have been changing, and the intrinsic qualities have been improving. Ceramic objects of handicraft manufacturing technology, contains a rich scientific and artistic connotation, its expression is mainly through the shape and decoration, texture and color show. Ceramic production from raw materials to the transformation process of finished objects, must use the corresponding technology to complete, this is the process of people producing material materials, but also the creative development and the gradual formation of traditional crafts process.

From the history of the development of ancient Chinese ceramics, ceramic culture can be seen in the era of characteristics: the Qin and Han bold, Sui and Tang's majestic, Song Dynasty Confucian, Ming and Qing Dynasty exquisite, all in their respective historical stages, flashing the flame of its own time.

Neolithic Period

The colored pottery of the Neolithic period has a very proper shape, dense body, fine and unrestrained decorations, beautiful patterns, varied forms, unique artistic style, practical and rich cultural flavor.

Han Dynasty

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, mature porcelain had been fired. Three Kingdoms, two Jin and North and South Dynasties period of ceramics to "ancient and simple, simple and sparse, rich in heavy decorative flavor" as its distinctive features.

Tang Dynasty

Tang Dynasty, is the Chinese civilization and West Asia, the East Pacific Islands civilization and the Arabian, Mediterranean civilization mingled period. Tang Dynasty ceramics is famous for its "broad and fresh, thick and powerful, gorgeous and full" artistic style.

Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty is a period of national rationalization on the fruits of exchanges between Chinese and foreign civilizations. It is also one of the most representative stages in the history of Chinese culture, in which all kinds of foreign things were absorbed and digested, and turned into the physical space where Chinese people could see, live, play and travel. Cultural style became fresh, delicate, rational and fantastical, and heavy on reality. Song Dynasty, is the era of China's porcelain industry flourished. There were the famous "Ding, Ru, official, Brother, Jun" five kilns, but also the magnetic state kiln, Jizhou kiln, Longquan kiln and Jingdezhen kiln (Hutian kiln). Song Dynasty ceramics are famous for the cultural characteristics of "light and subtle, dignified and elegant, quiet and elegant".

Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty ceramics were fully developed, Longquan celadon, Dehua white porcelain, Shiwan Guangjun, Yixing purple sand, Shanxi enameled porcelain are famous, ceramic varieties, colorful, unique style. Ming Dynasty ceramics to "thick, dignified, rich in rich decorative beauty, fun, beautiful" style and independent of the forest of art and culture.

Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty ceramics, is another peak of the development of Chinese ceramics, a variety of varieties, materials, complete, especially in the colored porcelain achievements. Qing Dynasty ceramics to "delicate and gorgeous, quality fine art heavy, exquisite and gorgeous" and famous.

3. Development

Neolithic era

The emergence and development of ceramics, in fact, is closely linked with people's lives and production practices, in about 700,000 years ago in the primitive era, people drying mud with fire grill hard containers used for water, storage of food and so on, this is the initial generation of pottery. The latest archaeological data show that the earliest pottery site found in China is located in Jiangxi Wannian County in the immortal cave site, Guangdong Yingde Qingtang, Lingshan slippery rock cave, Guangxi Guilin ZhenpiPiYan. Its main varieties include gray pottery, colored pottery, black pottery and geometric printed pottery, etc., with rough techniques and novel and smooth compositions, showing the technical level of pottery making at that time.

Summer to Two Jin Dynasties

In the ruins of Yinxu of the Shang Dynasty, a lot of pottery pieces and various styles of pots were unearthed, and the decorations, symbols and characters on these pots were closely related to those of the oracle bone inscriptions and the blue wares of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and the pots were no longer confined to containers at this time, and were widely used, which could be roughly classified into daily necessities, architecture, martyrdom and sacrificial gifts, and so on. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, ancient buildings were mostly constructed with wood, which was not easy to survive for a long time, so some great buildings, such as the Afang Palace in the Qin Dynasty and the Weiyang Palace in the Han Dynasty, could not be preserved in their entirety, but relics such as tiles and bricks can still be found in the remaining ruins, which can give a glimpse of the scale of the ancient buildings. The two Han Dynasty, glazed ceramics replaced a large number of copper daily necessities, so that the rapid development of pottery, due to the mastery of the processing skills, followed by the emergence of vivid and lively patterns and shapes of ceramic decorations, with high artistic value, which is the transition from pottery to porcelain bridge. Two Jin period to the North and South Dynasties ceramics main achievement is mainly reflected in the Yue Kiln, mainly celadon decorated with a high level of art.

Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties

Sui dynasty is short, but in the porcelain firing, but there are new breakthroughs, not only celadon firing, white porcelain also has a good development, in addition to this time in the decorative techniques have been innovative, such as in the artifacts in addition to the clay piece of an appliqué, is an example. To the Tang Dynasty, porcelain production can be metamorphosed to the mature realm, and cross into the real porcelain era, because the pottery and porcelain separate, care about the quality of white hard or translucent, and the biggest key to the temperature of the fire, the Han Dynasty produced porcelain, but the temperature is not high, the texture of the fragile can only be regarded as the original ceramics, and the development of the Tang Dynasty, not only the glaze development of the medicine is mature, the fire temperature to reach Celsius more than 1,000 degrees Celsius, so we say that the Tang Dynasty was really into the porcelain generation.

Song and Yuan period

Porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty with the emergence of new kilns around the continuous development, the emergence of a number of famous kilns, the so-called five kilns - Ding, Ru, the official, brother, Jun is the representative of the Song Dynasty to form a variety of colorful and beautiful and simple shape, decorative methods of diversified features. The official and private kilns famous porcelain styles are different, a hundred flowers compete, each showing the beauty of a unique style. Yuan Dynasty period there are new developments, such as the rise of blue and red glaze, a large number of colored porcelain popular, driving the development of porcelain after the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Ming and Qing Dynasties

China's pottery development to the Ming Dynasty and into a new journey, before the Ming Dynasty porcelain to celadon, and after the Ming Dynasty to white porcelain, especially blue and white porcelain, five colors become the main products of the Ming Dynasty white porcelain, at this time the tire also tends to be thin, fine, white needs, in the billet body to remember the styles have also begun to date, the age of the hall, the name of the people have, so that the study of the evidence to have a more accurate identification.

Qing dynasty Chinese porcelain can be said to be the peak of the early Qing dynasty porcelain production technology is highly skilled, fine and gorgeous decorations, the Qing dynasty colored porcelain in the Ming dynasty on the basis of a great development, technological innovation, differentiation of more color, ink color, blue color, gold color also appeared in the five-color porcelain picture, the color of the light and elegant is the characteristics of its, thus enriching the decoration of porcelain in the Qing dynasty.

Modern pottery

In the production of modern ceramics, the raw materials are taken in an eclectic way. Combination with a variety of materials, and use, penetration, produced a complementary artistic effect, so that modern pottery has both rich expressive and fully coordinated, surface decoration and spatial processing also ascended to a higher level. Modern pottery focuses on texture performance, not to pay attention to whether it is rough or fine raw materials, materials are no longer limited to porcelain clay and pottery clay, but intentionally break through the use of traditional ceramic raw materials, the use of different characteristics of clay, to play a variety of materials of the potential beauty, as long as the kiln can be fired by the mud, sand and other materials can be used in the service of the.

4. Characteristics

When it comes to ceramic materials, it is inevitable to talk about pottery and porcelain separately, we often say ceramics, refers to the two types of pottery and porcelain together. In the creative field, pottery and porcelain are ceramic art is an important and indispensable part of the ceramic art, but pottery and porcelain are qualitatively different.

Pottery, is a high viscosity, plasticity of clay as the main raw material made of opaque, with fine pores and weak water absorption, hit the sound turbid. Porcelain is made of clay, feldspar and quartz, translucent, non-absorbent, corrosion-resistant, hard and compact tire, knocking sound brittle.


5. Classification

There is no uniform classification of ceramic materials, ceramic materials are usually divided into glass, glass ceramics and engineering ceramics 3 categories. Engineering ceramics are divided into ordinary ceramics and special ceramics two categories. One of the ordinary ceramics, also known as traditional ceramics, special ceramics, also known as modern ceramics.

Ceramic materials are a class of inorganic non-metallic materials made of natural or synthetic compounds through molding and high temperature sintering. Has a high melting point, high hardness, high wear resistance, oxidation resistance and other advantages. Can be used as structural materials, cutting tool materials and mold materials, because ceramics also have some special properties, and can be used as functional materials.

Specialty Ceramics

Specialty ceramics, also known as modern ceramics, according to the application of special structural ceramics and functional ceramics, such as piezoelectric ceramics, magnetic ceramics, capacitor ceramics, high-temperature ceramics. Engineering the most important high temperature ceramics, including oxide ceramics, carbide ceramics, boride ceramics and nitride ceramics.

General Ceramics

Common ceramics, also known as traditional ceramics, are made from clay (Al2O3-2SiO2-H2O), quartz (SiO2) and feldspar (K2O-Al2O3-6SiO2). By adjusting the ratio of the three, different electrical resistance, heat resistance and mechanical properties can be obtained. General ceramics are hard but brittle, with excellent insulation and corrosion resistance.

General ceramics are usually divided into two categories: daily-use ceramics and industrial ceramics. Daily-use ceramics are divided into: ceramic mugs and ceramic tableware.

Ceramic mugs are specifically categorized as:

a). Insulated mugs, ultra-thin mugs, single-layer mugs, double wall mugs.

b). Stoneware mugs, bone china mugs, ceramic mugs, new bone china mugs, enameled mugs, jade porcelain mugs.

c). Travel mugs, coffee mugs, tea mugs, soup mugs, wine mugs, cookie mugs, hot pot mugs, cell phone mugs, espresso mugs, black tea mugs, beer mugs, sublimation mugs, photo mugs, color changing mugs, music mugs.

d). High temperature ceramic mug, medium temperature ceramic mug, low temperature ceramic mug.

e). White mug, monochrome glaze mug, two-color glaze mug, multi-color mug.


6. Production process


6.1. Raw materials

Most of the raw materials used in ceramics and other silicate products are natural minerals or rocks, most of which are silicate minerals. These raw materials are diverse, resource-rich, widely distributed in the earth's crust, which provides favorable conditions for the development of the ceramic industry, the early ceramic products, are made with a single clay mineral raw materials, later, with the development of ceramic technology and products to improve the performance requirements, people gradually in the blanks added to other mineral raw materials, that is, in addition to clay as a plasticity of raw materials, but also the proper Add quartz as barren raw materials, add feldspar and other alkali metals and alkaline earth metals containing minerals as raw materials for flux. At present, there is no uniform method of classification of ceramic raw materials, generally according to the process characteristics of raw materials are divided into plasticity raw materials, barren raw materials, flux raw materials and functional raw materials of four categories.

6.1.1 Plasticity raw materials

Plasticity raw materials are mainly clay minerals, they are layered structure of the silicate, its particles generally belong to the microscopic size (less than 10μm), and has a certain degree of plasticity of the minerals. For example, kaolin, polyhydric kaorakuorin, bentonite, china clay and so on. Plasticity raw materials in the production of the main role of plasticization and bonding, which gives the billet plasticity and injection molding properties, to ensure the strength of dry billet and after firing a variety of performance, such as mechanical strength, thermal stability, chemical stability, etc., which is the basis for the molding can be carried out, but also clay ceramics into the basis of the ceramics.

6.1.2 Barren raw materials

The mineral composition of barren raw materials is mainly non-plastic silicon, aluminum oxides and oxygenated salts. Such as quartz, opal paraffin, clay calcined clinker, waste porcelain powder. Barren raw materials in the production of viscosity reduction, can reduce the viscosity of the blank, after firing part of the quartz dissolved in feldspar glass, to improve the viscosity of the liquid phase, to prevent high-temperature deformation, after cooling in the porcelain billet in the role of the skeleton.

6.1.3. fusible raw materials

The mineral composition of the fusible raw materials is mainly alkali metals, alkaline earth metal oxides and oxygenated salts. Such as feldspar, limestone, dolomite, talc, lithium mica, granite and so on. They play the role of flux in production, and after melting at high temperature, they can dissolve part of quartz and kaolin decomposition products, and the high viscosity glass after melting can play the role of high-temperature cementation. At room temperature, it also plays the role of viscosity reduction.

6.1.4 Functional raw materials

Raw materials and auxiliary raw materials other than the above three categories are collectively called functional raw materials. Such as zinc oxide, zircon, color, electrolyte and so on. They do not play a major role in the production, is not a necessary component of the porcelain, generally a small amount of accession that can significantly improve the performance of certain aspects of the product, and sometimes to improve the performance of the blank glaze without affecting the performance of the product, thus facilitating the realization of the production process.


6.2. Billet Formulation

After the selection of raw materials, to determine the amount of various raw materials in the blanks and glazes is a key task, because it is directly related to the quality of the product as well as the development of technology systems.

The design of billet formula is a heavy and complex work. At present, ceramic products are changing rapidly, the performance requirements of ceramic products are changing, and, ceramic production of a wide range of raw materials used in the chemical composition of the mineral composition as well as their process performance has a great deal of difference, and can not do the standardization of raw materials. Around the different levels of technology, equipment, management of enterprises, and ceramic product performance indicators are affected by a variety of factors, so, in the design of billet formulations, can not rely only on theoretical calculations, otherwise, it is difficult to get satisfactory results.

In short, the following basic principles should be followed in the formulation design.

6.2.1. in the chemical composition to meet the performance requirements of ceramic products. Raw materials from the chemical composition should be fully analyzed and performance comparisons, to find out the performance characteristics of the raw materials, depending on whether they have or close to the required performance of the product.

6.2.2 The performance and proportion of raw materials used to meet the production process and the final physical properties of the product requirements. Should take into account the purity of raw materials, forming properties, firing properties, color and lustre after firing, as well as the strength and transparency after firing, thermal stability, and sometimes make some changes in the chemical composition of the blanks to meet the requirements of the physical properties of the product.

6.2.3. Due consideration should be given to the size of the existing plant and the specific production conditions. Can not be due to the use of formulations and a large number of changes in the existing production process parameters and invest a large amount of money to buy equipment and technological transformation. Billet formula design, should be from the preparation of raw materials forming and firing and other aspects of the examination of their process parameters, and as a fundamental condition, only such a formula, only has the practicality and scientific value.

6.2.4 To consider the economic rationality. The raw materials should be locally sourced, the amount of materials used, rather near than far, make the best use of things.


6.3. Billet Preparation

Daily-use ceramic blanks usually refers to the ceramic raw materials after batching and processing, the formation of a multi-component mixture with molding properties in line with the quality requirements for molding. According to the forming method of different products blanks have different characteristics, were made of water content of 19% to 26% of the plastic molding clay, water content of 30% to 35% of the slurry injection molding slurry water content of 4% to 7% of the dry pressure molding powder and hot pressure injection molding slurry or dry powder and wax uniformly mixed with the wax cake, etc. Blanks have different preparation processes, should be based on the characteristics of raw materials, equipment, use of conditions, production scale, product quality requirements, the preparation of ceramic blanks. The choice should be made according to the characteristics of the raw material used, the conditions of use, the scale of production, the quality requirements of the product and the technical and economic indicators of the preparation process itself. Bad material processing methods or process control is not appropriate, will not only reduce production efficiency, increase production costs, but also affect the process performance of the blank and the use of product performance.


6.4. Forming

Forming of ceramic products, that is, using different methods to make blanks with a certain shape and size of the blanks. According to the blank moisture content and performance differences, ceramic molding method is divided into plastic, grouting method and pressing method.

(1) Plastic molding

Plastic forming method is under the action of external forces, so that the plasticity of the blank plastic deformation and made of blank method. Because of the external force and different methods of operation, the ceramics can be divided into two categories of hand-forming and mechanical forming sculpture, printing blanks, billet, hand pinch, etc. belongs to the hand-forming, these forming methods are more ancient, mostly used in the manufacture of art ceramics. China ceramic mug manufacturers think the spinning and rolling molding, is the current factory widely used mechanical molding methods, can be used for plates, bowls, cups and saucers and other products production. In addition, in other ceramic industry also used extrusion, billeting, pressing, rolling film and other plastic molding methods.

(2) Slurry molding

Slurry molding is the use of porous model of water absorption, the slurry into which the molding method, this molding method is highly adaptable, where the shape is complex, irregular thin-walled, thick tire, large volume and size requirements are not strict products can be used to mold the slurry method. Such as daily-use ceramics in the vase, soup bowl, oval plate, teapot handle, etc. can be molded using grouting method.

Grouting after molding the body structure is uniform, but its water content is large and uneven, drying shrinkage and firing shrinkage is larger.

In addition, from the production process, its production cycle is long, manual operation, labor intensity, large footprint, model consumption. With the continuous progress of the production process and the continuous development of slurry forming machinery, these problems will be improved and solved, so that slurry forming is more suitable for modern ceramic production.

Slurry molding operation process Slurry molding operation process according to the product type, different slurry properties need to go through the following procedures.

6.4.2.1 Closing the mold

Before closing the mold, the working surface of the model should be cleaned and no dry mud or dust should be left. And check whether the working surface of the mold is smooth and clean, there are no holes and lubricating oil traces. Such as normal can be carried out to close the mold, assembled model if a large gap, with soft mud will be closed at the gap blocking, so as to avoid leakage of slurry. When using the model should not be too dry or too wet, the amount of water is generally controlled at 4% -6%.

6.4.2.2 Grouting

For single-sided grouting, the slurry filled model can be, such as mud layer thickening to the required thickness, pour off the model of excess slurry, in order to avoid pouring off a small amount of residual slurry in the billet in the body of the uneven distribution of the surface, the production of slurry also need to pour off the slurry after the billet with a billet model for the dumping of slurry to ensure that the distribution of residual slurry to ensure that the distribution of mud is uniform to avoid mud wisps produced. For double-sided grouting, must be supplemented with slurry until the model of the cavities within the slurry all into the blank. There is no need to pour and dump the slurry.

6.4.2.3. Drying of green billets

Just formed due to the high water content of the injection, low strength and can not immediately demolding, need to take the mold drying for a certain period of time, this drying is called green billet drying, in the green billet drying period, due to the evaporation of water and the mold continues to absorb water, the injection of the water continues to decline, the billet contraction and detachment of the model, and at the same time gradually improve the strength, then can be demolded.

6.4.2.4. demolding

After demolding, the body should be held gently, put flat, put right, put stable, and prevent vibration.

6.4.2.5 Bonding

Bonding is the manufacture of pots, mugs and some small vases, altars and other daily-use porcelain and art porcelain, sanitary porcelain and other blanks can not be molded in one process, the bonding process refers to a certain consistency of the bonding slurry will be shaped into their respective parts bonded together.

(3) Press molding

Compression molding is the use of pressure will be placed in the mold of the powder compressed to the structure of the compact, with a certain shape and size of the blank forming method. According to the moisture content of the powder, it can be divided into dry pressure molding (moisture content of less than 6%) and semi-dry pressure molding (moisture content of 6% to 14%) pressure molding billet moisture content is low, dense billet, drying shrinkage is small, the product shape and size of the accurate, high quality. In addition, the forming process is simple, the production volume is large, easy to mechanize the mass production, for the flat system with regular geometry.

6.4.3.1. Preparatory work

Before proceeding to the production of ceramic mugs by the pressing method, the following materials and tools need to be prepared first:

Clay block: choose a suitable clay block for the production and select the right type of clay according to the needs and requirements of the work.

Molds: make or prepare suitable molds, molds can be silicone molds, ceramic molds, plaster molds, etc., according to the shape and size of the work to choose the right mold.

Pressing tools: Hand pressing tools can be used, such as press boards, press molds, etc., or mechanical pressing equipment can be used, such as billet presses.

6.4.3.2. Pressing process

Preparation of molds: Clean the molds and apply a thin layer of lubricant where needed to prevent the clay from adhering to the molds.

Clay Placement: Place the clay block in the center of the mold, making sure that the clay is in close and even contact with the mold.

Compacting Clay: Compact the clay using hand or mechanical compacting tools to fill the space in the mold and maintain an even thickness. During the pressing process, water can be added or the humidity of the clay can be adjusted to ensure the pressing effect and the plasticity of the clay.

Removing the mold: After the clay is compacted and shaped, gently remove the mold from the clay, being careful not to damage the shape and structure of the clay.

Trimming and decorating: trim and decorate the clay work according to the needs, you can use the tools to trim the edges, carve the texture, etc., or decorate the surface with color painting and applique.

6.4.3.3. Firing and Finishing

After completing the ceramic pieces made by the pressing method, they need to be fired. The temperature and duration of firing depends on the type of clay and the size of the ceramic mug, and the temperature is usually increased gradually during the firing process to ensure that the piece is fully sintered and reaches the desired hardness and strength. Eventually, after firing, the ceramic coffee mug will take on the desired texture and color, completing the process.


6.5. Glaze

Glaze is a very thin uniform vitreous layer fused to the surface of ceramic products.

Unglazed ceramic products usually have a rough surface without light, easy to absorb moisture, easy to stain, easy to erosion and other weaknesses, even if the degree of sintering is very high, but also as a result of its beauty, health and electromechanical and other properties. When the blank surface applied a layer of vitreous enamel layer, can make the products to obtain a glossy, hard, non-absorbent surface, not only can improve the optical, mechanical, electrical, chemical and other properties of ceramic products, but also to improve the practicality and artistry also plays an important role. Therefore, glazing the surface of the blank is very necessary.


6.6. Drying

The process of dehydrating materials with the help of heat is called drying. After the formation of a variety of blanks, usually contains high moisture, especially plastic molding and injection molding of the blanks, is still in the plastic state, the strength is very low, not conducive to the subsequent process of processing and transportation. Therefore, in the blank into the firing must be based on the operational requirements of each process, segmented drying, until the final moisture to meet the requirements.

The purpose of drying the billet is to: reduce the moisture content of the billet, so that the billet has enough adsorption of glaze slurry capacity; improve the mechanical strength of the billet, reduce the breakage in the process of transportation and processing; so that the billet has the lowest moisture into the kiln, shorten the firing cycle, reduce fuel consumption.


6.7. Firing

Raw material is the basis, firing is the key. In the ceramic production process, firing is one of the vital processes. The firing process of ceramic products is in a certain temperature and atmosphere conditions, after forming, glazing, drying ceramic billet for high temperature treatment, so that a series of physicochemical changes, the formation of a certain mineral composition and microstructure, and ultimately obtain a variety of characteristics of ceramic products billet in the firing process to occur a series of physicochemical changes, such as expansion, contraction, the generation of gas, the liquid phase of the Appearance, the disappearance of the old crystalline phase, the formation of new crystalline phase. In different temperatures, atmosphere conditions, the content and extent of the changes are not the same, thus forming a different mineral composition and microstructure, determining the different quality and performance of ceramic products.

The glaze layer on the surface of the blank in the firing process also occurs in a variety of physical and chemical changes, and ultimately form a glassy substance, thus having a variety of physical and chemical properties and decorative effects. Common firing process can be divided into a firing and two firing. A firing, is the raw billet glazed, dried into the kiln at high temperatures after a firing into products. Two firings, is the unglazed blanks, after drying, the first firing, and then glazed, and then the second firing (glaze firing). A firing process to simplify the process, reduce the heat loss during firing, two firing to improve the strength of the blank, is conducive to the mechanization of subsequent processes, automation, reduce breakage, improve the quality of the glaze. The actual production should be selected according to the specific conditions of the product.

The firing process is carried out in specialized thermal equipment called kiln. There are many types of kilns, which should be selected according to the different products. At the same time, firing is also often used to a variety of kiln, the rational choice and use of kiln, to improve product quality, energy saving, reduce production costs is also important. There are many factors affecting the firing, in the firing process if not properly controlled, not only waste of fuel, but also will directly affect product quality, and even cause a large number of waste products, bringing undue losses to the enterprise. Therefore, we only master the billet in the high-temperature firing process of the law of change, the correct choice and design of the kiln, the scientific development and implementation of the firing system, the strict implementation of loading and burning operating procedures, in order to improve product quality, reduce fuel consumption, and obtain good economic benefits.


6.8. Decoration

Decoration is an important means of artistic processing of ceramic products, it is the unity of technology and art. Through the ceramic products for appropriate decorative processing, not only can improve the artistic value of the products, bring people the enjoyment of beauty, but also significantly improve the appearance of the quality of the products, improve its economic value of ceramic decorative methods, each of them has its own artistic characteristics.

According to the varieties of ceramic products, process characteristics and different decorative techniques can be divided into the following types of decoration

Painted decoration: including glaze decoration, such as new color, ancient color, pastel, broad color and other glaze hand-painted and glaze appliqué, printing, brushing, spraying color, photographic decoration, electric light color and bright gold, polished gold, corrosion of gold, etc.; underglaze decoration, such as underglaze blue, glaze, underglaze red, underglaze, underglaze color, underglaze spraying and underglaze appliqué, etc.; glaze color decorations, such as low-temperature glaze color, glaze color, in the Korner temperature, etc.

Art glaze decoration: including color glaze, flower glaze, crystalline glaze, no light glaze, crackle glaze, variegated glaze, fluorescent glaze and so on.

Sculpture decoration: including pinching, piling flowers, picking flowers, carving, hollowing, relief, dark carving, round carving and molding.

Comprehensive decoration: including blue and white lingerie, crystal carving and stacking flowers, color glaze porcelain, blue and white doucai, colored art glaze, etc.

Other decorative methods: including color blanks, make-up clay, color granule blanks, bleeding, grinding and polishing, screen printing, patchwork decoration and so on.


2025年2月19日星期三

2 important aspects of custom production of ceramic coffee mugs: firing and embellishment

Xinxiang custom ceramic mug manufacturer, An important part of the production process of ceramic coffee mugs is firing; an important part of the personalization of ceramic coffee mugs is beautification. Firing can affect the overall color and safety of ceramic coffee mugs.


1.Firing

Raw material is the basis, firing is the key. In the ceramic production process, firing is one of the vital processes. The firing process of ceramic coffee mug is in a certain temperature and atmosphere conditions, after forming, glazing, drying ceramic billet for high temperature treatment, so that a series of physicochemical changes, the formation of a certain mineral composition and microstructure, and ultimately obtain a variety of characteristics of ceramic products billet in the firing process to occur a series of physicochemical changes, such as expansion, contraction, the generation of gas, the liquid phase of the Appearance, the disappearance of the old crystalline phase, the formation of new crystalline phase. In different temperatures, atmosphere conditions, the content and extent of the changes are not the same, thus forming a different mineral composition and microstructure, determining the different quality and performance of ceramic mugs.

The glaze layer on the surface of the blank in the firing process also occurs in a variety of physical and chemical changes, and ultimately form a glassy substance, thus having a variety of physical and chemical properties and decorative effects. Common firing process can be divided into a firing and two firing. A firing, is the raw billet glazed, dried into the kiln at high temperatures after a firing into products. Two firings, is the unglazed blanks, after drying, the first firing, and then glazed, and then the second firing (glaze firing). A firing process to simplify the process, reduce the heat loss during firing, two firing to improve the strength of the blank, is conducive to the mechanization of subsequent processes, automation, reduce breakage, improve the quality of the glaze. The actual production should be selected according to the specific conditions of the product.

The firing process is carried out in specialized thermal equipment called kiln. There are many types of kilns, which should be selected according to the different products. At the same time, firing is also often used to a variety of kiln, the rational choice and use of kiln, to improve product quality, energy saving, reduce production costs is also important. There are many factors affecting the firing, in the firing process if not properly controlled, not only waste of fuel, but also will directly affect product quality, and even cause a large number of waste products, bringing undue losses to the enterprise. Therefore, we only master the billet in the high-temperature firing process of the law of change, the correct choice and design of the kiln, the scientific development and implementation of the firing system, the strict implementation of the loading and burning operating procedures, in order to improve product quality, reduce fuel consumption, and obtain good economic benefits.

2.Decoration

Ceramic coffee mug manufacturers think, decoration is an important means of artistic processing of ceramic products, it is the unity of technology and art. Through the ceramic products for appropriate decorative processing, not only can improve the artistic value of the products, bring people the enjoyment of beauty, but also significantly improve the appearance of the quality of the products, improve its economic value of ceramic decorative methods, each of them has its own artistic characteristics.

According to the varieties of ceramic products, process characteristics and different decorative techniques can be divided into the following types of decoration

Painted decoration: including glaze decoration, such as new color, ancient color, pastel, broad color and other glaze hand-painted and glaze applique, printing, brushing, spraying color, photographic decoration, electric light color and bright gold, polished gold, corrosion of gold, etc.; underglaze decoration, such as underglaze blue, glaze, underglaze red, underglaze, underglaze color, underglaze spraying and underglaze applique, etc.; glaze color decorations, such as low-temperature glaze color, glaze color, in the Korner temperature, etc.

Art glaze decoration: including color glaze, flower glaze, crystalline glaze, no light glaze, crackle glaze, variegated glaze, fluorescent glaze and so on.

Sculpture decoration: including pinching, piling flowers, picking flowers, carving, hollowing, relief, dark carving, round carving and molding.

Comprehensive decoration: including blue and white lingerie, crystal carving and stacking flowers, color glazed mugs, blue and white doucai, colored art glaze, etc.

Other decorative methods: including color blanks, make-up clay, color granule blanks, bleeding, grinding and polishing, screen printing, patchwork decoration and so on.


2025年2月9日星期日

Differences, properties and categories of pottery and porcelain

Xinxiang ceramic mug manufacturer Co.,Ltd, In the production of ceramics, the raw materials are taken in an eclectic way. Combination with a variety of materials, and use, penetration, produced a complementary artistic effect, so that the modern ceramic art both rich expressive and fully coordinated, surface decoration and spatial processing also ascended to a higher level. Modern pottery focuses on texture performance, does not pay attention to the rough or fine raw materials, materials are no longer limited to porcelain clay and clay, but intentionally break through the use of traditional ceramic raw materials, the use of different characteristics of clay, to play a variety of materials of potential beauty, as long as the kiln can be fired by the mud, sand and other materials can be used in the service of the.


1、Difference
Pottery, is a high viscosity, plasticity of clay as the main raw material made of opaque, with fine pores and weak water absorption, hit the sound turbid. Porcelain is made of clay, feldspar and quartz, translucent, non-absorbent, corrosion-resistant, hard and compact tire, knocking sound brittle.


2, characteristics
Speaking of ceramic materials, it is inevitable to talk about pottery and porcelain separately, we often say ceramics, refers to the pottery and porcelain two kinds of collectively. In the field of creation, pottery and porcelain are an important and indispensable part of ceramic art, but pottery and porcelain are qualitatively different.

3, classification
There is no uniform classification of ceramic materials, ceramic materials are usually divided into glass, glass ceramics and engineering ceramics 3 categories. Engineering ceramics are divided into ordinary ceramics and special ceramics two categories. One of the ordinary ceramics, also known as traditional ceramics, special ceramics, also known as modern ceramics.

Ceramic materials are a class of inorganic non-metallic materials made of natural or synthetic compounds through molding and high temperature sintering. Has a high melting point, high hardness, high wear resistance, oxidation resistance and other advantages. Can be used as structural materials, cutting tool materials and mold materials, because ceramics also have some special properties, and can be used as functional materials.


Specialty
CeramicsSpecialty ceramics, also known as modern ceramics, according to the application of special structural ceramics and functional ceramics, such as piezoelectric ceramics, magnetic ceramics, capacitor ceramics, high-temperature ceramics. Engineering the most important high temperature ceramics, including oxide ceramics, carbide ceramics, boride ceramics and nitride ceramics.


General
CeramicsCommon ceramics, also known as traditional ceramics, are made from clay (Al2O3-2SiO2-H2O), quartz (SiO2) and feldspar (K2O-Al2O3-6SiO2). By adjusting the ratio of the three, different electrical resistance, heat resistance and mechanical properties can be obtained. General ceramics are hard but brittle, with excellent insulation and corrosion resistance.

General ceramics are usually divided into two categories: daily-use ceramics and industrial ceramics. Daily-use ceramics are divided into: ceramic mugs and ceramic tableware.

Ceramic mugs are specifically categorized as:

a). Insulated mugs, ultra-thin mugs, single-layer mugs, double-layer mugs.

b). Stoneware mugs, bone china mugs, ceramic mugs, new bone china mugs, enameled mugs, jade porcelain mugs.

c). Travel mugs, coffee mugs, tea mugs, soup mugs, wine mugs, cookie mugs, hot pot mugs, cell phone mugs, espresso mugs, black tea mugs, beer mugs, sublimation mugs, photo mugs, color changing mugs, music mugs.

d). High temperature ceramic mug, medium temperature ceramic mug, low temperature ceramic mug.

e). White mugs, single color glazed mugs, double color glazed mugs, multi-color mugs.

2025年1月21日星期二

History and development of the Chinese ceramics industry

Xin xiang ceramic mug manufacturer, Ceramics is a collective term for pottery and porcelain, and ceramics can be used as handicrafts, daily necessities and industrial supplies. As far back as the Neolithic era, China has a rough, simple style of colored pottery and black pottery. Pottery and porcelain have different textures and properties. China's ceramics industry has a long history of development and has flourished over thousands of years, from the Neolithic Age to modern times.


1. HistoryIn the Neolithic era, China has a rough, simple style of colored pottery and black pottery. By the Shang Dynasty (sixteenth - eleventh centuries B.C.) glazed pottery and hard-glazed pottery, which had begun to take on the nature of porcelain, had already appeared. By the Wei and Jin Dynasties (220-420 A.D.), China had already accomplished the major invention of firing porcelain with a high degree of heat to produce a solid texture. During the Tang Dynasty (618-907 A.D.), the production technology and artistic creation of ceramics reached a high level. Exported to Japan, India, Persia and Egypt, played an important role in international cultural exchanges, won the "porcelain country". Ming and Qing dynasties (AD 1368-1911) ceramics from the billet, decoration, glazing to firing, technology and more than the previous generation.

The history of Chinese ceramics development is long. Starting from the early Neolithic period when the most primitive pottery was fired to the invention of porcelain and its universal application, both technology and art have been progressing; in the process of adapting to the needs of people's survival and life, the types of ceramic objects fired have been increasing, the styles have been changing, and the intrinsic qualities have been improving. Ceramic objects of handicraft manufacturing technology, contains a rich scientific and artistic connotation, its expression is mainly through the shape and decoration, texture and color show. Ceramic coffee mugs from raw materials to the transformation process of finished objects, must use the corresponding technology to complete, this is the process of people producing material materials, but also the creative development and the gradual formation of traditional crafts process.

From the history of the development of ancient Chinese ceramics, ceramic culture can be seen in the era of characteristics: the Qin and Han bold, Sui and Tang's majestic, Song Dynasty Confucian, Ming and Qing Dynasty exquisite, all in their respective historical stages, flashing the flame of its own time.

1.1 Neolithic period

The colored pottery of the Neolithic period has a very proper shape, dense body, fine and unrestrained decorations, beautiful patterns, varied forms, unique artistic style, practical and rich cultural flavor.

1.2 Han Dynasty

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, mature porcelain had been fired. Three Kingdoms, two Jin and North and South Dynasties period of ceramics to "ancient and simple, simple and sparse, rich in heavy decorative flavor" as its distinctive features.

1.3 Tang Dynasty

Tang Dynasty, is the Chinese civilization and West Asia, the East Pacific Islands civilization and the Arabian, Mediterranean civilization mingled period. Tang Dynasty ceramics is famous for its "broad and fresh, thick and powerful, gorgeous and full" artistic style.

1.4 Song Dynasty

Song Dynasty is a period of national rationalization on the fruits of exchanges between Chinese and foreign civilizations. It is also one of the most representative stages in the history of Chinese culture, in which all kinds of foreign things were absorbed and digested, and turned into the physical space where Chinese people could see, live, play and travel. Cultural style became fresh, delicate, rational and fantastical, and heavy on reality. Song Dynasty, is the era of China's porcelain industry flourished. There were the famous "Ding, Ru, official, Brother, Jun" five kilns, but also the magnetic state kiln, Jizhou kiln, Longquan kiln and Jingdezhen kiln (Hutian kiln). Song Dynasty ceramics are famous for the cultural characteristics of "light and subtle, dignified and elegant, quiet and elegant".

1.5 Ming Dynasty

Ming Dynasty ceramics were fully developed, Longquan celadon, Dehua white porcelain, Shiwan Guangjun, Yixing purple sand, Shanxi enameled porcelain are famous, ceramic varieties, colorful, unique style. Ming Dynasty ceramics to "thick, dignified, rich in rich decorative beauty, fun, beautiful" style and independent of the forest of art and culture.

1.6 Qing Dynasty

Qing Dynasty ceramics, is another peak of the development of Chinese ceramics, a variety of varieties, materials, complete, especially in the colored porcelain achievements. Qing Dynasty ceramics to "delicate and gorgeous, quality fine art heavy, exquisite and gorgeous" and famous.

2. Development2.1 Neolithic Age

The emergence and development of ceramics, in fact, is closely linked with people's lives and production practices, in about 700,000 years ago in the primitive era, people drying mud with fire grill hard containers used for water, storage of food and so on, this is the initial generation of pottery. The latest archaeological data show that the earliest pottery site found in China is located in Jiangxi Wannian County in the immortal cave site, Guangdong Yingde Qingtang, Lingshan slippery rock cave, Guangxi Guilin ZhenpiPiYan. Its main varieties include gray pottery, colored pottery, black pottery and geometric printed pottery, etc., with rough techniques and novel and smooth compositions, showing the technical level of pottery making at that time.

2.2 The Xia to the Two Jin Dynasties

In the ruins of Yinxu of the Shang Dynasty, a lot of pottery pieces and various styles of pots were unearthed, and the decorations, symbols and characters on these pots were closely related to those of the oracle bone inscriptions and the blue wares of the Yin and Shang Dynasties, and the pots were no longer confined to containers at this time, and were widely used, which could be roughly classified into daily necessities, architecture, martyrdom and sacrificial gifts, and so on. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, ancient buildings were mostly constructed with wood, which was not easy to survive for a long time, so some great buildings, such as the Afang Palace in the Qin Dynasty and the Weiyang Palace in the Han Dynasty, could not be preserved in their entirety, but relics such as tiles and bricks can still be found in the remaining ruins, which can give a glimpse of the scale of the ancient buildings. The two Han Dynasty, glazed ceramics replaced a large number of copper daily necessities, so that the rapid development of pottery, due to the mastery of the processing skills, followed by the emergence of vivid and lively patterns and shapes of ceramic decorations, with high artistic value, which is the transition from pottery to porcelain bridge. Two Jin period to the North and South Dynasties ceramics main achievement is mainly reflected in the Yue Kiln, mainly celadon decorated with a high level of art.

2.3. Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties period

Sui dynasty is short, but in the porcelain firing, but there are new breakthroughs, not only celadon firing, white porcelain also has a good development, in addition to this time in the decorative techniques have been innovative, such as in the artifacts in addition to the clay piece of an appliqué, is an example. To the Tang Dynasty, porcelain production can be metamorphosed to the mature realm, and cross into the real porcelain era, because the pottery and porcelain separate, care about the quality of white hard or translucent, and the biggest key to the temperature of the fire, the Han Dynasty produced porcelain, but the temperature is not high, the texture of the fragile can only be regarded as the original ceramics, and the development of the Tang Dynasty, not only the glaze development of the medicine is mature, the fire temperature to reach Celsius more than 1,000 degrees Celsius, so we say that the Tang Dynasty was really into the porcelain generation.

2.4. Song and Yuan Dynasties

Porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty with the emergence of new kilns around the continuous development, the emergence of a number of famous kilns, the so-called five kilns - Ding, Ru, the official, brother, Jun is the representative of the Song Dynasty to form a variety of colorful and beautiful and simple shape, decorative methods of diversified features. The official and private kilns famous porcelain styles are different, a hundred flowers compete, each showing the beauty of a unique style. Yuan Dynasty period there are new developments, such as the rise of blue and red glaze, a large number of colored porcelain popular, driving the development of porcelain after the Ming and Qing dynasties.

2.5 Ming and Qing dynasties

China's pottery development to the Ming Dynasty and into a new journey, before the Ming Dynasty porcelain to celadon mainly, and after the Ming Dynasty to white porcelain, especially blue and white porcelain, five-color became the main products of the Ming Dynasty white porcelain, at this time the tire also tends to be thin, fine, white needs, in the billet body to remember the styles have also begun to date, the age, the hall number, the name of the people have, so that the study of the evidence to have a more accurate identification.

Qing dynasty Chinese porcelain can be said to be the peak of the early Qing dynasty porcelain production technology is highly skilled, fine and gorgeous decorations, the Qing dynasty colored porcelain in the Ming dynasty on the basis of a great development, technological innovation, differentiation of more color, ink color, blue color, gold color also appeared in the five-color porcelain picture, the color of the light and elegant is the characteristics of its, thus enriching the decoration of porcelain in the Qing dynasty.

2.6 Modern pottery

In the production of modern ceramics, the raw materials are taken in an eclectic way. Combination with a variety of materials, and use, penetration, produced a complementary artistic effect, so that modern pottery has both rich expressive and fully coordinated, surface decoration and spatial processing also ascended to a higher level. Modern pottery focuses on texture performance, not to pay attention to whether it is rough or fine raw materials, materials are no longer limited to porcelain clay and pottery clay, but intentionally break through the use of traditional ceramic raw materials, the use of different characteristics of clay, to play a variety of materials of the potential beauty, as long as the kiln can be fired by the mud, sand and other materials can be used in the service of the.